En-glish pho-net-ics

/ɪz/=/əz/ SOUND
*When the final sound of the singular noun is one of the ‘hissing’ sounds /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /z/, /dʒ/, /ʒ/ - we pronounce the –s / es ending /ɪz/ or /əz/.
HISSING = NOISY /dʒ/ SOUND

 

-bridges          /ˈbrɪdʒɪz/             /ˈbrɪdʒəz/

-changes         /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/         /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

-damages       /ˈdæmɪdʒɪz/         /ˈdæmɪdʒəz/

-languages     /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒɪz/      /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒəz/

-oranges          /ˈɒrɪndʒɪz/           /ˈɒrɪndʒəz/

-sausages       /ˈsɒsɪdʒɪz/            /ˈsɒsɪdʒəz/

-stages             /ˈsteɪdʒɪz/           /ˈsteɪdʒəz/

HISSING = NOISY /tʃ/ SOUND

 

-beaches      /ˈbiːtʃɪz/      /ˈbiːtʃəz/ 

-churches     /ˈtʃɜː^rtʃɪz/    /ˈtʃɜː^rtʃəz/

-peaches      /ˈpiːtʃɪz/      /ˈpiːtʃəz/

-researches   /rɪˈsɜː^rtʃɪz/   /rɪˈsɜː^rtʃəz/

-sandwiches /ˈsænwɪtʃɪz/ /ˈsænwɪtʃəz/

-watches       /ˈwɒtʃɪz/        /ˈwɒtʃəz/

HISSING = NOISY /ʃ/ SOUND

 

-brushes      /ˈbrʌʃɪz/            /ˈbrʌʃəz/  

-crashes     /ˈkræʃɪz/      /ˈkræʃəz/

-dishes        /ˈdɪʃɪz/              /ˈdɪʃəz/

-fishes         /ˈfɪʃɪz/               /ˈfɪʃəz/

-wishes        /ˈwɪʃɪz/              /ˈwɪʃəz/

HISSING = NOISY /ʒ/ SOUND

 

-garages      /ˈgærɑːʒɪz/         /ˈgærɑːʒəz/

HISSING = NOISY /s/ SOUND

 

-boxes         /ˈbɑːksɪz/         /ˈbɑːksəz/

-buses         /ˈbʌsɪz/           /ˈbʌsəz/ 

-choices     /ˈtʃɔɪsɪz/        /ˈtʃɔɪsəz/

-classes      /ˈklɑːsɪz/          /ˈklɑːsəz/

-courses     /ˈkɔː^rsɪz/        /ˈkɔː^rsəz/

-differences   /ˈdɪfərənsɪz/   /ˈdɪfərənsəz/

-glasses       /ˈglɑːsɪz/         /ˈglɑːsəz/

-illnesses   /ˈɪlnɪsɪz/         /ˈɪlnɪsəz/

-nurses       /ˈnɜː^rsɪz/        /ˈnɜː^rsəz/

-offices        /ˈɒfɪsɪz/           /ˈɒfɪsəz/

-places         /ˈpleısɪz/         /ˈpleısəz/

 

HISSING = NOISY /z/ SOUND

 

-houses      /ˈhaʊzɪz/          /ˈhaʊzəz/  

-noises       /ˈnɔɪzɪz/          /ˈnɔɪzəz/ 

-noses        /ˈnəʊzɪz/          /ˈnəʊzəz/ 

-roses         /ˈrəʊzɪz/          /ˈrəʊzəz/

   

NOTE:

In spoken English, middle /h/ is not pronounced

He takes (h)er to the cinema.

Was (h)e going to the theatre?

We help (h)im at night.

ENGLISH VOWEL and CONSONANT SOUNDS = PHONEMES

SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS = PHONEMES (monoph-thongs)

e

æ

ɪ

ə

ʌ

ʊ

ɒ

LONG VOWEL SOUNDS (monoph-thongs)

iː

ɜː

ɑː

uː

ɔː

DOUBLE (TWO) VOWEL SOUNDS (diph-thongs)

ɪə

ʊə

eə

eɪ

ɔɪ

aɪ

əʊ (oʊ)

aʊ

THREE VOWEL SOUNDS (triph-thongs)

eɪə

ɔɪə

aɪə

əʊə (oʊə)

aʊə

VOICED (SOFT) CONSONANT SOUNDS

b	d	g	l	r	m	n	v	w	z
ð	ʒ	dʒ	j	ŋ

VOICELESS (HARD) CONSONANT SOUNDS

h

f

p

s

t

k

θ

ʃ

tʃ

ENGLISH PHONEMES

VOWEL PHONEMES
MONOPH-THONGS

iː	ɪ	ʊ	uː
e	ə	ɜː	ɔː
æ	ʌ	ɑː	ɒ

DIPH-THONGS (glides)

ɪə (ɪr)	eɪ
ʊə (ʊr)	ɔɪ	əʊ (oʊ)
eə (er)	aɪ	aʊ

TRIPH-THONGS (glides)

eɪə

ɔɪə

aɪə

əʊə (oʊə)

aʊə

CONSONANT PHONEMES

Plosives	p	b	t	d	tʃ	dʒ	k	g
Fricatives	f	v	θ	ð	s	z	ʃ	ʒ
Sonorants	m	n	ŋ	h	l	r	w	j

ENGLISH MONOPH-THONGS

SHORT VOWELS	LONG VOWELS
/ɪ/	/iː/
/e/	/ɛ/ /eː/
/ʌ/ /æ/	/ɑː/
/ɒ/	/ɔː/
/ʊ/	/uː/
/ə/	/əː/ /ɜː/

ENGLISH DIPH-THONGS (glides)

*Two vowel sounds together in one syllable.

*We make diph-thongs from two monoph-thongs.


ENGLISH USUAL (COMMON) DIPH-TONGS

BRITISH ENGLISH	AMERICAN ENGLISH
/əʊ/	/oʊ/ = /o^w/
/ɪə/	/ɪr/
/eə/	/er/
/ʊə/	/ʊr/
/eɪ/	/eɪ/ = /e^y/
/aɪ/	/aɪ/ = /a^y/
/ɔɪ/	/ɔɪ/ = /ɔ^y/
/aʊ/	/aʊ/ = /a^w/

 

   

ENGLISH TRIPH-THONGS
-Three vowel sounds together in one syllable.

-We make triph-thongs from diph-thongs and the sound /ə/.

ENGLISH USUAL (COMMON) TRIPH-TONGS

    

BRITISH ENGLISH	DIPH-THONG + SCHWA	AMERICAN ENGLISH
/eɪə/	eɪ + ə	/e^yə/
/aɪə/	aɪ + ə	/a^yə/
/ɔɪə/	ɔɪ + ə	/ɔ^yə/
/aʊə/	aʊ + ə	/a^wə/
/əʊə/	əʊ + ə	/o^wə/

 

HINTS:
*In American English, /ɒ/ is not pronounced in words.

*In American English, people use /ɑ/ sound instead of /ɒ/ sound.
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*The letter ‘e’ at the end of words is not pronounced in English.

*The letter ‘e’ is magic at the end of English words.

*The letter ‘a’ at the end of words is pronounced as /ə/ in English.
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*Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, negative words and wh - question words are stressed.

*Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, prepositions and conjunctions are unstressed words.


CHAPTER II

VOWEL PHONEMES

A

SHORT VOWELS

ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEMES

SHORT VOWELS	e	æ	ɪ	ə	ʌ	ʊ	ɒ
LONG VOWELS	iː	ɜː	ɑː	uː	ɔː
DIPH- THONGS	ɪə ır	ʊə ʊr	eə er	eɪ	ɔɪ	aɪ	əʊ oʊ	aʊ
TRIPH-THONGS	eɪə	ɔɪə	aɪə	əʊə oʊə	aʊə

ENGLISH CONSONANT PHONEMES

PLOSIVES	p	b	t	d	tʃ	dʒ	k	g
FRICATIVES	f	v	θ	ð	s	z	ʃ	ʒ
SONORANTS	m	n	ŋ	h	l	r	w	j

BRITISH PRONUNCIATION (RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION)

SHORT VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

	FRONT	BACK
CLOSE	/ɪ/	/ʊ/
MID	/ɛ/	/ʌ/
OPEN	/æ/	/ɒ/

LONG VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

	FRONT	CENTRAL	BACK
CLOSE	/iː/		/uː/
MID		/ɜː/	/ɔː/
OPEN		/ɑː/

UNSTRESSED VOWELS (REDUCED VOWELS)

/ɪ/

/ə/

/l/

/m/

/n/

BRITISH DIPH-THONGS

	CLOSING /ɪ/ /ʊ/		CENTRING /ə/
STARTING CLOSE			/ɪə/ /ʊə/
STARTING MID	/eɪ/ /ɔɪ/	/əʊ/	/ɛə/
STARTING OPEN	/aɪ/	/aʊ/

AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION (GENERAL AMERICAN)
SHORT VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

	FRONT	CENTRAL	BACK
CLOSE	/ɪ/		/ʊ/
CLOSE-MID
OPEN-MID	/ɛ/	/ʌ/
OPEN	/æ/