En-glish pho-net-ics

NOTE:

STRESS THE LAST SYLLABLE	REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS	himSELF
		herSELF
		themSELVES

‘qu’ = /kw/
q	/k/
u	/w/

DIPH-THONG /ɪə/ SOUND
APPOXIMATE ISTANBUL TURKISH :

English DIPH-THONGS are SHORTER than Turkish DIPH-THONGS.

Bir /bir/ Gir /gir/ Kir /kir/

*A glide from /ɪ/ to /ə/.
The letters ‘eer’, ‘ere’, ‘ear’ = The sound /ɪə/

Spelling British English American English

-beard     /bɪəʳd/    /bɪrd/

-beer       /bɪəʳ/      /bɪr/

-career     /kəˈrɪəʳ/  /kəˈrɪr/

-cheer       /tʃɪəʳ/    /tʃɪr/

-clear     /klɪəʳ/      /klɪr/

-dear       /dɪəʳ/       /dɪr/

-ear         /ɪəʳ/         /ɪr/

-engineer   /ˌendʒɪˈnɪəʳ/  /ˌendʒɪˈnɪr/

-fear        /fɪəʳ/        /fɪr/

-fierce      /fɪəʳs/      /fɪrs/

-hear       /hɪəʳ/       /hɪr/

-here        /hɪəʳ/      /hɪr/

-idea      /aɪˈdɪə/     /aɪˈdɪə/

-near       /nɪəʳ/       /nɪr/

-real        /rɪəl/       /rɪəl/

-really    /ˈrɪəli/      /ˈrɪəli/

-tear        /tɪəʳ/         /tɪr/

-weˈre       /wɪəʳ/     /wɪr/

-year       /jɪəʳ/        /jɪr/

NOTE:

NO LETTER, BUT SOUND
ENGLISH	TURKISH
/ə/	/w/

DIPH-THONG /ʊə/ SOUND
APPOXIMATE ISTANBUL TURKISH :

English DIPH-THONGS are SHORTER than Turkish DIPH-THONGS.

Dur /dur/ Kurmak /kurmɑk/ Vur /wur/
*A glide from /ʊ/ to /ə/.
The letters ‘ure’ = The sound /ʊə/
Spelling British English  American English

-cure         /kjʊəʳ/                      /kjʊr/

-during      /ˈdjʊərɪŋ/                  /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

-euro       /ˈjʊərəʊ/                   /ˈjʊroʊ/

-Europe   /ˈjʊərəp/                  /ˈjʊrəp/

-mature  /məˈtʃʊəʳ/         /məˈtʃʊr/

-plural       /ˈplʊərəl/                 /ˈplʊrəl/

-poor         /pʊəʳ/            /pʊr/

-pure         /pjʊəʳ/                        /pjʊr/

-sure          /ʃʊəʳ/            /ʃʊr/

-tour          /tʊəʳ/          /tʊr/

-tourist      /ˈtʊərɪst/       /ˈtʊrɪst/

NOTE:

GERÇEK İNGİLİZCE = ALFABETİK İLİŞKİLERİ KEŞFETME

REAL ENGLISH = TEACHING THE SOUND - SPELLING RELATIONS

Because /bɪˈkəz/

DIPH-THONG /uə/ SOUND

*A glide from /u/ to /ə/.

The letters ‘ua’ = The sound /uə/
Spelling Pronunciation

-actually              /ˈæktʃuəli/ /ˈæktʃəli/

-casual              /ˈkæʒuəl/

-eventually       /ɪˈventʃuəli/ /ɪˈvɛntʃəli/

-factual            /ˈfæktʃuəl/

-gradually        /ˈgrædʒuəli/

-graduate (verb)        /ˈgrædʒueɪt/

-graduate (noun)       /ˈgrædʒuət/ 

-intellectual      /ˌɪntɪˈlektʃuəl/ /ˌɪntəˈlɛktʃuəl/

-manual            /ˈmænjuəl/

-mutual           /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/

-punctual          /ˈpʌŋktʃuəl/

-usually                /ˈjuːʒuəli/    /ˈjuːʒəli/

-visual            /ˈvɪʒuəl/

NOTE:

GELENEĞE BAĞLI YAZIM DÜZENİ

TÜRKÇE, İNGİLİZCE, FRANSIZCA, ALMANCA...YAZILDIĞI GİBİ OKUNMAZ.

‘ğ’ = /ː/ /y/ /v/

DIPH-THONG /eə/ SOUND
APPOXIMATE ISTANBUL TURKISH :

English DIPH-THONGS are SHORTER than Turkish DIPH-THONGS.

Ver /ver/ Ger /ger/ Ser /ser/

*A glide from /e/ to /ə/.
The letters ‘air’, ‘are’ = The sound /eə/ = /ɛr/
Spelling British English  American English

-air         /eəʳ/             /ɛr/

-airport   /ˈeəʳpɔːʳt/       /ˈɛrpɔrt/    

-bare        /beəʳ/             /bɛr/

-bear         /beəʳ/           /bɛr/

-care         /keəʳ/              /kɛr/

-careful     /ˈkeəʳfəl/          /ˈkɛrfəl/

-compare   /kəmˈpeəʳ/      /kəmˈpɛr/

-dairy      /deəri/          /dɛri/

-dare        /deəʳ/             /dɛr/

-declare   /dɪˈkleəʳ/        /dɪˈklɛr/

-fair        /feəʳ/              /fɛr/

-fare         /feəʳ/              /fɛr/

-hair        /heəʳ/            /hɛr/

-pair        /peəʳ/             /pɛr/

-parent     /ˈpeərənt/      /ˈpɛrənt/

-rare         /reəʳ/              /rɛr/

-share        /ʃeəʳ/              /ʃɛr/

-square      /skweəʳ/      /skwɛr/     

-stair       /steəʳ/           /stɛr/

-their        /ðeəʳ/          /ðɛr/

-there       /ðeəʳ/          /ðɛr/

-wear        /weəʳ/          /wɛr/

DIPH-THONG /juː/ SOUND

APPOXIMATE ISTANBUL TURKISH :

English DIPH-THONGS are SHORTER than Turkish DIPH-THONGS.

Müzik /mjuzik/ Gündüz /gjundjuz/ Türkü /tjurkju/

*Many words with /uː/ sound have a hidden /j/.

Words	British English /juː/ = /ü/ = /iu/	American English /u/ = /iu/
Duet	/djuˈet/	/duˈɛt/
Duration	/djʊˈreɪʃən/	/dʊˈreɪʃən/
During	/ˈdjʊərɪŋ/	/ˈdʊrɪŋ/
Duty	/ˈdjuːti/	/ˈdudi/
Institute	/ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/	/ˈɪnstəˌtut/
Issue	/ˈɪʃu/ /ˈɪsjuː/	/ˈɪʃu/
Knew	/njuː/	/nu/
New	/njuː/	/nu/
News	/njuːz/	/nuz/
Numerous	/ˈnjuːmərəs/	/ˈnumərəs/
Produce	/prəˈdjuːs/	/prəˈdus/
Reduce	/rɪˈdjuːs/	/rɪˈdus/
Schedule	/ˈʃedjuːl/	/ˈskɛdʒʊl/
Student	/ˈstjuːdənt/	/ˈstudənt/
Studio	/ˈstjuːdiəʊ/	/ˈstudioʊ/
Suit	/sjuːt/	/sut/
Suitable	/ˈsjuːtəbəl/	/ˈsudəbəl/
Super	/ˈsjuːpər/	/ˈsupər/
Tube	/ˈtjuːb/	/ˈtub/
Tuesday	/ˈtjuːzdi/ /ˈtjuːzdeɪ/	/ˈtuːzdi/ /ˈtuzdeɪ/
Tutor	/ˈtjuːtər/	/ˈtudər/

*What sound does the letter ‘u’ with the two dots above it?

/ju/ = /ü/ = /iu/

Spelling British English American English

-acute       /əˈkjuːt/ /əˈkiut/

-ambulance /ˈæmbjʊləns/ /ˈæmbjələns/

-argue /ˈɑːrgjuː/ /ˈɑrgiu/

-beautiful  /ˈbjuːtɪfəl/ /ˈbiutɪfəl/

-communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ /kəˈmiunəkeɪt/

-confuse /kənˈfjuːz/ /kənˈfiuz/

-continue /kənˈtɪnjuː/ /kənˈtɪniu/

-contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ /kənˈtrɪbiut/

-cucumber /ˈkjuːkʌmbə^r/ /ˈkiukʌmbər/

-evaluate /ɪˈvæljueɪt/ /ɪˈvæliueɪt/

-few           /fjuː/ /fiu/

-future       /ˈfjuːtʃə^r/ /ˈfiutʃər/

-huge      /hjuːdʒ/ /hiudʒ/

-human     /ˈhjuːmən/ /ˈhiumən/

-humid /ˈhjuːmɪd/ /ˈhiuməd/

-humorous  /ˈhjuːmərəs/ /ˈhiumərəs/

-humour   /ˈhjuːmə^r/ /ˈhiumər/

-menu       /ˈmenjuː/ /ˈmɛniu/

-museum  /mjuːˈziəm/ /miuˈziəm/

-music   /ˈmjuːzɪk/ /ˈmiuzɪk/

-mute     /mjuːt/ /miut/

-mutual      /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/ /ˈmiutʃuəl/

-nephew     /ˈnefjuː/    /ˈnevjuː/ /ˈneviu/

-particular /pəˈtɪkjuːlə^r/ /pərˈtɪkjələr/

-popular /pɒpjʊlə^r/ /pɑpjələr/

-pupil     /ˈpjuːpəl/ /ˈpiupəl/

-queue /kjuː/ /kiu/

-refuse       /rɪˈfjuːz/ /rɪˈfiuz/

-regular /ˈregjʊlə^r/ /ˈregjələr/

-rescue   /ˈreskjuː/ /ˈrɛskiu/

-review /rɪˈvjuː/ /rɪˈviu/

-vacuum /ˈvækjuəm/ /ˈvækjʊm/ /ˈvækiʊm/

-value /ˈvæljuː/ /ˈvæliu/

-view     /vjuː/ /viu/

TRIPH-THONGS
*Three vowel sounds come together in the same syllable.
*They are ‘three vowels combination.’ Three vowels join to form one syllable.
* A TRIPH-THONG is a MOVEMENT or GLIDE between three vowel sounds in one syllable. We must pronounce every sound rapidly within a single syllable.

* Triphthongs are the most complex English sounds. It is difficult to pronounce the three vowels in one syllable.

British English	American English
/eɪə/	/eɪɚ/
/ɔɪə/	/ɔɪɚ/
/aɪə/	/aɪɚ/
/əʊə/	/oʊɚ/
/aʊə/	/aʊɚ/

eɪə	ɔɪə	aɪə	əʊə	aʊə
eɪ+ə	ɔɪ+ə	aɪ+ə	əʊ+ə	aʊ+ə

Note: /ɚ/ = /ər/

TRIPH-THONG /aɪə/ SOUND

The letters ‘ire’ = The sound /aɪə/
Spelling British English American English

-acquire       /əˈkwaɪəʳ/      /əˈkwaɪr/

-admire        /ədˈmaɪəʳ/     /ədˈmaɪr/

-desire       /dɪˈzaɪəʳ/      /dɪˈzaɪr/

-entire          /ɪnˈtaɪəʳ/       /ɪnˈtaɪr/

-fire         /faɪəʳ/               /faɪr/

-inspire        /ɪnˈspaɪəʳ/      /ɪnˈspaɪr/

-prior          /ˈpraɪəʳ/              /praɪr/

-require      /rɪˈkwaɪəʳ/           /rɪˈkwaɪr/

-siren           /ˈsaɪərən/           /ˈsaɪrən/

-tyre             /taɪəʳ/           /taɪr/

-virus         /ˈvaɪərəs/            /ˈvaɪrəs/

-wire          /waɪəʳ/       /waɪr/

-anxiety         /æŋˈzaɪəti/

-appliance    /əˈplaɪəns/

-bias           /ˈbaɪəs/

-buyer         /ˈbaɪəʳ/

-client         /ˈklaɪənt/

-diabetic       /ˌdaɪəˈbetɪk/

-diagnose      /ˈdaɪəgnəʊz/

-dial                /ˈdaɪəl/

-dialect          /ˈdaɪəlekt/

-dialogue       /ˈdaɪəlɒg/  

-diamond      /ˈdaɪəmənd/

-diary             /ˈdaɪəri/  /

-diet              /ˈdaɪət/

-iron          /ˈaɪən/   /ˈaɪərn/

-liable             /ˈlaɪəb^əl/

-liar             /ˈlaɪəʳ/

-lion               /ˈlaɪən/

-psychiatry   /saɪˈkaɪətri/ /səˈkaɪətri/

-quiet             /ˈkwaɪət/

-science         /ˈsaɪəns/

-society        /səˈsaɪəti/ /səˈsaɪɪti/

-trial               /ˈtraɪəl/

-variety          /vəˈraɪəti/

-violent          /ˈvaɪələnt/

-violet            /ˈvaɪəlɪt/ /ˈvaɪələt/  

TRIPH-THONG /aʊə/ SOUND

The letters ‘owe’ = The sound /aʊə/
Spelling British English American English

-flour             /flaʊəʳ/                  /flaʊr/

-hour             /aʊəʳ/                   /aʊr/

-power           /ˈpaʊəʳ/                 /paʊr/

-shower         /ˈʃaʊəʳ/              /ʃaʊr/

-sour            /saʊəʳ/                 /saʊr/

 

-allowance        /əˈlaʊəns/

-flower              /ˈflaʊəʳ/

-towel               /ˈtaʊəl/

-tower               /ˈtaʊəʳ/

-vowel             /ˈvaʊəl/

TRIPH-THONG /əʊə/ SOUND
Spelling British English American English

-lower           /ˈləʊəʳ/                /ˈloʊər/

-mower         /ˈməʊəʳ/            /ˈmoʊər/

-poem            /ˈpəʊɪm/            /ˈpoʊəm/

-poet             /ˈpəʊɪt/              /ˈpoʊət/

-slower          /ˈsləʊəʳ/              /ˈsloʊər/

 

TRIPH-THONG /ɔɪə/ SOUND

-loyal             /ˈlɔɪəl/

-royal             /ˈrɔɪəl/

-employer     /ɪmˈplɔɪəʳ/

 

TRIPH-THONG /eɪə/ SOUND
-layer       /ˈleɪəʳ/

-mayor   /meəʳ/     /ˈmeɪər/

-player         /ˈpleɪəʳ/

 

 

Other Examples
-appreciate  /əˈpriːʃieɪt/

-biology       /baɪˈɒlədʒi/            /baɪˈɑlədʒi/

-create          /kriˈeɪt/

-owing         /ˈəʊɪŋ/                   /ˈoʊɪŋ/

-radio           /ˈreɪdiəʊ/                /ˈreɪdioʊ/

-video          /ˈvɪdiəʊ/                /ˈvɪdioʊ/

-yellowish      /ˈjeləʊɪʃ/                 /ˈjeloʊɪʃ/


CHAPTER III

CONSONANT PHONEMES

A

BI-LABIALS



PLACES OF ARTICULATION

Bilabial	b	m	p	w
Labio-dental	f	v
Dental	ð	θ
Alveolar	d	t	s	z	l	n	r
Post - alveolar	dʒ	tʃ	ʒ	ʃ
Palatal	j
Velar = soft palate	g	k	ŋ
Throat	h