En-glish pho-net-ics

ENGLISH HOMO-GRAPHS

WORDS	VERB FORMS	NOUN FORMS
Conduct	/kənˈdʌkt/	/ˈkɒndʌkt/
Conflict	/kənˈflɪkt/	/ˈkɒnflɪkt/
Conserve	/kənˈsɜːʳv/	/ˈkɒnsɜːʳv/
Content	/kənˈtent/(adj)	/ˈkɒntent/
Contest	/kənˈtest/	/ˈkɒntest/
Contract	/kənˈtrækt/	/ˈkɒntrækt/
Contrast	/kənˈtrɑːst/	/ˈkɒntrɑːst/
Converse	/kənˈvɜːʳs/	/ˈkɒnvɜːʳs/
Convert	/kənˈvɜːʳt/	/ˈkɒnvɜːʳt/
Convict	/kənˈvɪkt/	/ˈkɒnvɪkt/
Desert	/dɪˈzɜːʳt/	/ˈdezəʳt/
Incline	/ɪnˈklaɪn/	/ˈɪnklaɪn/
Insult	/ɪnˈsʌlt/	/ˈɪnsʌlt/
Object	/əbˈdʒekt/	/ˈɒbdʒɪkt/
Permit	/pəʳ ˈmɪt/	/ˈpɜːʳmɪt/
WORDS	VERB FORMS	NOUN FORMS
Present	/prɪˈzent/	/ˈprez^ənt/
Produce	/prəˈdjuːs/	/ˈprɒdjuːs/
Progress	/prəˈgres/	/ˈprəʊgres/
Project	/prəˈdʒekt/	/ˈprɒdʒekt/
Prospect	/prəˈspekt/	/ˈprɒspekt/
Protest	/prəˈtest/	/ˈprəʊtest/
Subject	/səbˈdʒekt/	/ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/
Survey	/səʳˈveɪ/	/ˈsɜːʳveɪ/
Suspect	/səˈspekt/	/ˈsʌspekt/
Certificate	/sə'tɪfɪkeɪt/	/sə'tɪfɪkət/
Excuse	/ɪk'skjuːz/	/ɪk'skjuːs/
Export	/ɪkˈspɔːʳt/	/ˈekspɔːʳt/
Graduate	/ˈgrædʒueɪt/	/ˈgrædʒuɪt/
Import	/ɪmˈpɔːʳt/	/ˈɪmpɔːʳt/
Increase	/ɪn'kriːs/	/'ɪnkriːs/
Rebel	/rɪˈbel/	/ˈreb^əl/
Recall	/rɪˈkɔːl/	/ˈriːkɔːl/
Record	/rɪˈkɔːʳd/	/ˈrekɔːʳd/
Reject	/rɪˈdʒekt/	/ˈriːdʒekt/
Use	/juːz/	/juːs/

NOUN - VERB PAIRS

STRESS	VERBS	NOUNS
Same	OFfer	OFfer
same	ANswer	ANswer
same	surPRISE	surPRISE
same	conTROL	conTROL
same	PROmise	PROmise
same	conCERN	conCERN
same	rePLY	rePLY
same	deSIGN	deSIGN
different	reWRITE	REwrite

HOMO-PHONES

*The sounds are same but they are different in spelling, meaning.

ISTANBUL TURKISH : ÖĞLE / ÖYLE /öːle/ are homo-phones.

* HEAR / HERE /hɪəʳ/ = /hɪr/ are homo-phones.

ENGLISH HOMOPHONES = RHYMING WORDS
Ant / aunt	Forth / fourth	Road / rode
Acts / ax	Flew / flu	Root / route
Allowed / aloud	Find / fined	Son / sun
Ate / eight	Flour / flower	Stair / stare
Aisle /isle / I'll	Gene / jean	Sea / see
All ready / already	Guessed / guest	Seas / sees / seize
Be / bee	Hear / here	Steal / steel
Blew / blue	Heard / herd	Suite / sweet
Berry / bury	Hi / high	Scene / seen
Board / bored	Hole / whole	Sail / sale
Bare / bear	Hour / our	Theirs /there's
Ball / bawl	Knew / new	Threw / through
Band / banned	Knight / night	Tail /tale
Brake / break	Know / no	Their / there /they're
Buy / by / bye	Knows / nose	To / too / two
Cent / scent / sent	Lie / lye	Vary / very
Chews /choose	Made / maid	Wood / would
Cite /sight / site	Mail / male	Who's / whose
Cell / sell	Meat / meet	Weak / week
Clause / claws	Oh / owe	Way / weigh
Close / clothes	One / won	Ways / weighs
Desert / dessert	Pause / paws	Waist / waste
Dear / deer	Plain / plane	Wait / weight
Do / due	Passed / past	Want / won’t
Die / dye	Peace / piece	Weather / whether
Eye / I	Rain / reign	Wear / where
Ewe / you	Read / red	Which / witch
Fair / fare	Review / revue	We'll / wheel

HOMO-NYMS

*They are same in spelling and sounds, but different in meaning.

ISTANBUL TURKISH : Pazar (Sunday) Yüz (hundred)

Pazar (market place) Yüz (face)

*The noun ‘bear’and the verb ‘bear’ are homo-nyms.
*The noun ‘can’ and the verb ‘can’ are homo-nyms.

NOTE:

SECONDARY STRESS (ACCENT)

The secondary stress is common before the primary stress in long words with several syllables, and after the primary stress in many compound words.

All words have a primary (main) stress. Long words also have a secondary stress in English.

English Stress = Schwa Prediction

The schwa is the most common sound, because English is a stressed language.

PHONEMES and ALLOPHONES

*THE ALLOPHONES are MEMBERS of a PHONEME. A PHONEME has got MORE THAN ONE ALLOPHONE. We represent a PHONEME with an ALLOPHONE.
SOME EXAMPLES

PHONEMES	ALLOPHONES
/t/	/t/ /θ/
/d/	/d/ /ð/
/n/	/n/ /ŋ/

A PHONEME = THE ALLOPHONES

*The ACTUAL PRONUNCIATIONS of a phoneme are ALLOPHONES.

*AN ALLOPHONE is an ALTERNATIVE WAY of saying A PHONEME.

*THE ALLOPHONES are VARIANTS of the SAME PHONEME.

*A PHONEME is an ABSTRACT UNIT, you DON’T SEE or HEAR it in DAILY SPEECH. The PHONEME itself EXISTS only in your MIND.

*ALLOPHONES are PRONOUNCED DIFFERENTLY, but the MEANING DOESN’T change.

EXAMPLES

* /d/, /ð/ are variants (allophones) of /d/ phoneme.

* /n/, /ŋ/ are variants (allophones) of /n/ phoneme.

* /t/, /θ/ are variants (allophones) of /t/ phoneme.

* /w/ is voiceless after voiceless plosives. (twice, quiz),

*pill (aspirated) *spill (unaspirated)

ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEMES

TONGUE POSITION

F R O N T	C E N T R A L		B A C K
iː	ɪ	ʊ	uː
e	ə	ɜː	ɔː
æ	ʌ	ɑː	ɒ

HIGH PHONEMES	iː	ɪ	ʊ	uː
MID PHONEMES	e	ə	ɜː	ɔː
LOW PHONEMES	æ	ʌ	ɑː	ɒ

LIPS POSITION

SPREAD	N E U T R A L		ROUNDED
iː	ɪ	ʊ	uː
e	ə	ɜː	ɔː
æ	ʌ	ɑː	ɒ