Eu risk assessment

Measured levels

A description of the air monitoring data available for local sites is included in sections 3.1.7.1.1-2.

3. Comparison between predicted and measured levels

Table 3.1.7 58: Summary of calculated versus measured levels in air Pb producing/processing sites for which measured data are available.

N°	Emission amount	PECtotallocalair Calculated (100 m)	measured ann.avg. air concentration	remarks	year
	kg/d	ng/m³	ng/m³
Pb metal production		PECtotalreg=20 ng/m^3
LDA-01	8.11	2,324 (spec. bg=61.8)	1690 (90P) 1420 (90P) 740 (90P)	Monitoring data air: 1690 ng/m^3 (90P); at 30 m downwind from plant edge, year 2002 1420 ng/m^3 (90P); at 200 m downwind from plant edge, year 2002. 740 ng/m^3 (90P); at 500 m from plant edge under prevailing wind, year 2002	2002
LDA-02	6.50	1,829 (spec. bg=23)	1370-2460 (90P)	Monitoring data air: 1370-2460 ng/m^3 (90P) 175-190 m from the plant	2000
LDA-03	1.70	483 (spec. bg=61.8)	430	Monitoring data air: 430 ng/m^3; other metal emitting company present	2000
LDA-16	1.26	327	119.3	Monitoring data air: 119.3 ng/m^3 (year 2000 data), data available from government, no distance given, 74.5 (2001) -190 ng/m^3 (1999) (year mean average values of monthly results, particle <10 µm)	2000
LDA-17	3.20	614	nr	Monitoring data air: 20 ng/m^3 (3.5 km away from site, year 2000)	2000
LDA-27	1.11	328 (spec. bg=20)	30-200	Monitoring data air: 30-200 ng/m^3; 50 m from smelter, background levels: 10-20 ng/m^3.	2000
LDA-31	3.90	1105 (spec. bg=20)	600	Monitoring data air: 600 ng/m^3: measured data 100 m downwind from stack	2000
LDA-39	0.28	98 (spec. bg=20)	1070	Monitoring data air: 1070 ng/m^3Measured data 250 m from stack; background Pb conc; 31 ng/m^3.	2000
LDA-40	0.28	95 (spec. bg=20)	120-235	Monitoring data air: 120-235 ng/m^3; 150 m from emission point.	2000
LDA-41	0.51	105 (spec. bg=20)	360	Monitoring data air: 360 ng/m^3: measured data 100 m from emission point.	2000
LDA-56	0.65	140 (spec. bg=20)	nr	Monitoring data air: 64-77 ng/m3; at approximately 1000-1600 m N/NE from stack	2000
LDA-63	1.73	469 (spec. bg=23)	160-590 (avg) 270-1230 (90P)	Monitoring data air: 160-590 ng/m^3; 220-400 m (averages, but 90P are also available: 270-1230 ng/m^3; min-max: 120-3900 ng/m^3)	2000
LDA-66	0.67	169 (spec. bg=16.5)	500	Monitoring data air: 500 ng/m^3; unknown distance, geometric mean	2000
LDA-70	3.89	702 (spec. bg=20)	780-1110	Monitoring data air: 780-1110 ng/m^3 (90P); 200 m N – 500 m S	2000
LDA-74	3.75	677 (spec. bg=20)	1460-1490	Monitoring data air: 1460-1490 ng/m^3; 100-200 m from plant, 90P values, total Pb, avg: 1250-1920 ng/m^3, min-max: 120-3900 ng/m^3.	2000
LDA-75	0.23	55 (spec. bg=16.5)	140-310	Monitoring data air: 140-310 ng/m^3; measured data: distances 300-450 m from plant; highest values in wind direction; PPA60, 250 l/min., PM10; bg air levels: 0.06 µg/m^3.
LDA-76	0.55	110 (spec. bg=16.5)	130-620	Monitoring data air: 130-620 ng/m^3; measured data; distance 5 m from emission point; different wind directions; PPA60, 250 l/min, PM 10; bg air levels: 0.39 µg/m^3.
LDA-100	1.57	294 (spec. bg=20)	15-84 µg/m^3	Monitoring data air: 15-84 µg/m3; on site measurements, no information on distance from stack.
LDA-101	1.53	473 (spec. bg=86)	940 (90P) 810 (avg)	Monitoring data air: 940 ng/m^3 (90P) 810 ng/m^3 (avg)
Pb sheet producers
LDA-26	0.81	165 (spec. bg=23)	290 (90P) 230 (avg)	Monitoring data air: 230 ng/m^3: annual average concentration 150-200 m from release point in prevailing wind direction; 90P=290 ng/m^3.
LDA-29	0.18	56 (spec. bg=23)	640-1500	Monitoring data air: 640-1500 ng/m^3; no information on distance from stack
LDA-51	0.14	87 (spec. bg=61.8)	68	Monitoring data air: 68 ng/m^3; mean, 300 m from stack 90P: 151 ng/m^3; 300 m from stack; influenced by presence of zinc plant and other metal plants.
LDA-73	0.49	99 (spec. bg=16.5)	80-110	Monitoring data air: 80-110 ng/m^3; measurements 50 m from source.
Pb batteries
LDA-33	0.14	58 (spec. bg=23)	12-400	Monitoring data air: 12-400 ng/m3; measurements 300 m N of plant
LDA-37	1.10	229 (spec. bg=20)	31	Monitoring data air: 31 ng/m^3; 100 m NE from plant (avg)
LDA-43	0.69	133 (spec. bg=16.5)	820-2150	Monitoring data air: 820-2150 ng/m^3; edges of the plant
LDA-44	0.92	167 (spec. bg=16.5)	74-515	Monitoring data air: 74-515 ng/m^3
LDA-55	0.07	28 (spec. bg=16.5)	43-60	Monitoring data air: 43-60 ng/m^3. No distances given.
Pb oxide producers
LDA-21	0.034	29	230-830	Monitoring data air: 230-830 ng/m3; measurements performed at 5 sites within boundaries of the factory (year 2004); (20-80 m from emission point )	2004
LDA-22	0.62	190 (spec. bg=16.5)	nr	Monitoring data air: 20 ng/m3, 80 km far from plant	Before 2000
LDA-22	0.10	45 (spec. bg=16.5)	nr	Monitoring data air: 20 ng/m3, 80 km far from plant	Since 2000
Pb stabilisers
LDA-09	0.16	59	120	Monitoring data air: 120 ng/m3; annual average	2000
LDA-12	0.31	142 (spec. bg=61.8)	183	Monitoring data air: 183 ng/m^3; 750 m downwind
LDA-23	0.20	76 (spec. bg=20)	235	Monitoring data air: 325 ng/m^3; 200 m east from plant

Measured Pb concentrations in air – presented in Table 3.1.7-8- are available for Pb metal producing plants LDA-01, 02, 03, 16, 17, 27, 31, 39, 40, 41, 56, 63, 66, 70, 74, 75, 76, 100, 101; Pb sheet producers plants LDA-26, 29, 51, 73; Pb battery plants LDA-33, 37, 43, 44, 55; Pb oxide plant LDA-21, 22 & Pb stabiliser plants LDA-09, 12, 23.

It should be noted that for 3 sites of the ones listed above (i.e. LDA-17, 56, 22) the reported monitoring data are not relevant for the specific site – i.e. sampling point too far from emission point (some kms), hence not relevant for the site.

There is a substantial amount of information available on air measurements for both Pb metal production and processing sites. From the available information it can be concluded that:

• 
  For 9 out 19 Pb metal production sites (LDA-39, 40, 41, 66, 74, 75, 76, 100, 101), the measured annual air concentration at a certain distance from the site is situated above the modelled PEClocalair. This may be due to the fact that modelled PECs are based on stack emissions only, while measurements take into account both stack and fugitive emissions.
  
• 
  For 4 Pb metal production sites (LDA-01, 16, 27, 31), the measured air concentration is situated below the modelled PEC. This may be due to the different distances from the source (the calculated assumes 100 m whereas the measured were at 100-500 m from the plant or different reference years.
  
• 
  For 4 Pb metal production sites (LDA-02, 03, 63, 70), the measured and modelled PECs are well in agreement.
  

• 
  For Pb sheet producing sites LDA-26 and 29, measured data are reported at a distance of 150-200 m from the discharge point; i.e. 230 (avg)-290 ng/m³ (90P) and 640-1500 ng/m³ respectively. These values are situated a factor of 1.4-1.8 and 11.4-28.8 above the modelled PECs for both sites of 165 ng/m³ and 56 ng/m³ respectively.
  
• 
  For Pb sheet producers LDA-51 and 73, reported monitoring data and estimated PECs are in agreement; the data reported are 68 ng/m³ (measured) versus 87 ng/m³ (modelled) and 80-110 ng/m³ versus 99 ng/m³.
  
• 
  Three Pb battery producing sites LDA-33, 43 and 44 report measured values well above estimated PECs. The difference between measured and modelled Pb concentrations varies between a factor 3.1 and 16.2.
  
• 
  For site LDA-55, measured and modelled values corroborate very well; while for site LDA-37; the measured value of 31 ng/m³ at a distance of 100 m from the plant is situated a factor of 7.4 below the modelled air concentration of 229 ng/m³.
  
• 
  Pb oxide producer LDA-21 reports measured air concentrations at 20-80 m from the emission point of 230-830 ng/m³. The measured value is situated a factor of 7.9-28.6 above the modelled PEC_air of 29 ng/m³ (100 m from the site).
  
• 
  For 3 Pb stabilisers (LDA-09, 12, 23) monitoring data were submitted. In all cases, measured Pb concentrations (120-235 ng/m³) are situated above the modelled PECs (59-142 ng/m³) (factor 1.3-3.1 difference).
  

For the production and processing companies of lead, measured concentrations, including ‘background concentrations’, range from 30 to 2460 ng/m³. The range of calculated local PEC values in air is 28-2324 ng/m³. For corresponding sites a comparison of these local monitoring data with the calculated local PECair values shows that the calculated PECair is a factor 26.8 higher to 10.9 lower than the measured concentration at the respective site.

Both calculated and measured data will be taken forward to the risk characterisation bearing however in mind the limitations of these values.

5.