Eu risk assessment

Aquatic compartment (incl. sediment)

1. Calculation of predicted environmental concentrations (PEC_local)

Legend to all tables presented below:

NA: no data available

Yellow color: data clarification needed, to be verified
Blue color: direct discharge to surface water (worst case, this scenario will not be used in the exposure assessment, unless the substance considered has a specific use category where direct discharge to water is widely practised)
Green color: discharge to municipal STP before final surface water (real case, this scenario will be used in the exposure assessment and risk characterisation)
Brown color: no emission data available, generic scenario applied
M/E: Measured/Estimated
T/D: Total/dissolved concentration
Avg: average concentration
90P: 90th percentile of dataset
ss: site specific dilution factor

DD: direct discharge

STP: municipal sewage treatment plant

WWTP: on-site waste water treatment plant

AD: aerial deposition

SA: sludge application (from STP to agricultural soil)

Note freshwater/estuaries: Country-specific measured PECregional values (section 3.1.9.3.1) are included in the PECtotal table values for the following countries: Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, UK. For the remaining countries; a median measured ambient PEC for Europe, i.e. 0.61 µg/l is used.

Note marine water: a median measured ambient PEC for Europe i.e. 0.046 µg/l is used.

Note sediment (freshwater/estuaries): Country-specific measured PECregional values (section 3.1.9.3.1) are included in the PECtotal table values fo the following countries: Belgium, France, the Netherlands, UK Scotland, Spain and Sweden. For the remaining countries; a median measured ambient PEC for Europe, i.e. 100.1 mg/kg dw is used (scenario 2).

Note marine sediment: Specific measured PECregional values (section 3.1.9.3.1) are available for different marine sediments and suspended particulate matter in Europe. If no specific information is available, a median measured ambient PEC; i.e. 53.2 mg/kg dw is used.

Please note that in scenario 1 for sediment; the modelled PECregional for sediment i.e. 55.4 mg/kg dw is used as calculated for the generic region (TGD, 10% rule).

Please note that the PEClocal sediment calculations are performed according to the method described in section 3.1.2.3 (local exposure calculation factors). All other methods used are according to the TGD (EC, 2003).

1. Calculation of PEC_local for lead metal production (primary, secondary) (23 sites)

An overview of the calculated local Pb concentrations in the aquatic compartment (water and sediment) is presented in Table 3.1.5-1, Table 3.1.5-2. From these tables it can be concluded that for Pb metal producers in Europe:
Water and sediment

• 
  Daily emissions to surface water vary between 0.00022 kg Pb/d (LDA-40) and 0.71 kg Pb/d (LDA-02). Some companies state that they do not release process water to the environment, but merely cooling water, rinse and run-off water (LDA-16, 56, 66). LDA-76 and 77 declare that they do not emit waste water to the receiving environment. LDA-77 recycles its industrial waste water. No specific information is provided by LDA-76. Companies LDA-31, 70, 74, 75, 100 and 101 declare that their waste waters are discharged to a municipal Sewage Treatment Plant after on-site treatment.
  
• 
  The on-site WWTP lead removal efficiency varies between 95 and 99.9%. For the municipal sewage treatment plant a removal efficiency of 84% is assumed (cfr. § 3.2.5.2.3 Input values and assumptions).
  
• 
  Total Pb concentrations in effluent vary between 0.008 mg/l (LDA-16, max value) and 5.0 mg/l (LDA-67, 90 P value). Taking into account a second treatment step (STP: 84% removal) and extra dilution in a municipal STP for the effluent from site LDA-31 (0.31 mg/l) the calculated Pb concentration for that site in the municipal effluent is reduced to 0.0005 mg/l (real case, measured values). Treatment of effluents from LDA-70, 74, LDA-75 and LDA-100 in a municipal STP lowers the Pb concentrations from 0.21 mg/l, 0.28 mg/l, 0.09 mg/l, 0.14 mg/l and 0.10 mg/l to 0.009 mg/l, 0.002 mg/l, 0.0007 mg/l, 0.001 mg/l and 0.0008 mg/l respectively (removal efficiency of 84% and extra dilution of 4, 20 and 23.5 is assumed).
  
• 
  Dilution factors vary between 10 (default fresh water, generic scenario) and 1,000 (maximum dilution factor, site specific). Site specific dilution factors were derived for 11 sites. It should be noted that for the sites with dilution factors exceeding the maximum value of 1,000 the real site specific calculated dilution factor is also given (LDA-01, 02, 27, 41, 56, 66, 67, 98).
  
• 
  Added local dissolved Pb concentrations in water vary between 0.001 µg/l (LDA-27, estuary, max. site specific dilution factor) and 3.48 µg/l (LDA-03, river, default dilution factor). For all other sites, added local Pb concentrations below 0.92 µg/l are calculated. Taking into account the real calculated dilution factors -exceeding 1,000- results for sites LDA-01, 02, 27, 41, 56, 66, 67 and 98 in Pb concentrations in the receiving surface water of 0.0001–0.023 µg/l instead of 0.001-0.92 µg/l. Calculated PEC_total levels in surface water vary between 0.05 µg/l (regional background for marine environment) and 4.09 µg/l.
  
• 
  Added local Pb concentrations in sediment vary between 1.05 mg/kg dw (LDA-27, estuary, max. site specific dilution factor) and 1,016 mg/kg dw (LDA-03, river, default dilution factor). Taking into account the real calculated dilution factors -exceeding 1,000- results for sites LDA-01, 02, 27, 41, 56, 66, 67 and 98 in Pb concentrations in the sediment of 0.03–21.8 mg/kg dw instead of 1.9-175 mg/kg dw. Elevated Pb concentrations in surface water lead to high concentrations in sediment due to the methodology used to calculate the Csediment (cfr. Partitioning on the basis of Csurface water cfr. § 3.2.2.1). Calculated PEC_total levels in sediment vary between 55 mg/kg dw and 1,071 mg/kg dw (scenario 1; regional background modelled = 55.4 mg/kg dw, no historic contamination). Calculated PEC_total levels in sediment vary between 64 mg/kg dw and 1,123 mg/kg dw (scenario 2; measured regional background, includes historic contamination).
  
• 
  Measured Pb concentrations in surface water are available for sites LDA-01, 02, 27, 31, 39, 40, 56, 67. For site LDA-01 a downstream and upstream PEClocal of 9.9 µg/l and 20.9 µg/l respectively is reported (90P value, 2 km from discharge point). It should be noted that the upstream measured Pb concentration is higher than the downstream Pb concentration (tidal river). For site LDA-02 a downstream PECwater of 4.7 µg/l (dissolved conc.) is reported. Site LDA-27 reports upstream and downstream measured total Pb concentrations of 10.7 µg/l (total lead, 300 m from discharge point) and 14.1-14.7 µg/l (total lead, 5 to10 km downstream from plant) respectively. A background Pb concentration of 30 µg/l (upstream) is reported for site LDA-31. No information is available on downstream Pb concentrations. Upstream and downstream PEClocal values of 1.3 µg/l (total lead, 200 m upstream from discharge point) and 18 µg/l (total lead, 1991-1995) respectively are reported for site LDA-39. LDA-40 reports upstream (25-50 m from discharge point) and downstream (25-100 m from discharge point) total Pb concentrations of 9 µg/l and 3 µg/l respectively (70 µg/l and 48 µg/l respectively for 90P). It should be noted that upstream Pb concentrations are higher than downstream lead levels. Upstream (16 km from discharge point) and downstream (10 km from discharge point) total Pb concentrations of 2.6 and 3.6 µg/l respectively are reported for site LDA-56. LDA-67 reports upstream and downstream Pb concentrations in the temporary river of 4 and 26 µg/l respectively. It should be noted that during summer, the stream is dry; only during winter with excess rainfall a small stream is created. Only those sites for which upstream and downstream measurements are available are relevant for use in the risk assessment exercise.
  
• 
  Measured Pb concentrations in sediment are available for LDA-01 (upstream: 36.6 mg/kg; downstream: 140.3 mg/kg), LDA-27 (upstream: 95 mg/kg (2.1 km north, year 2002)); downstream: 56-78 mg/kg (2.8 km south – (7 km south, year 2002)), LDA-39 (downstream 1,600 mg/kg; geological burdened region, data from 1991-1995) and LDA-56 (upstream: 95 mg/kg dw (2.1 km north; year 2002); downstream: 67.8 mg/kg dw).
  

Table 3.1.5 12 Local C_addwater/PEC_totalwater from Pb metal producing plants in the EU

Plant N°	Emission to water (kg/d)	WW/STP lead removal efficiency (%)	Ceffluent (total) (mg/l) (avg/90P) calculated	Type receiving water body	Dilution factor D=10 (def. freshw) (D=100)(def.marin) Default *	Caddlocal water (dissolved) (µg/l) calculated	PECtotallocal water (dissolved) (µg/l) calculated (PECtotalregional= 0.61µg/l;measured)	PEClocal water (µg/l) upstream measured	PEClocal water (µg/l) downstream measured	Comments
LDA-01	0.065	99.82	0.048 (meas, 90P)	Tidal river	1,000 (max) (site specific=2,165)	0.009 (ss: 0.004)	0.62 (ss: 0.61)	20.9 (90P); (2 km from discharge point) (tidal river)	9.9 (90P); (2 km from discharge point) (tidal river)
LDA-02	0.71	NA	2.84 (90P)	Estuary	1,000 (max) (site specific=8,033)	0.19 (ss: 0.023)	1.10 (ss: 0.93)	NA not available	4.7 (dissolved)	discharge of 3 effluents together to estuary Country-specific bg water = 0.91 µg/l
LDA-03	0.023	97.5	0.189 (90P)	canal	10*	3.48	4.09	NA	NA
LDA-16	Plant emits only cooling water and run-off water, NO PROCESS WATER	84% (default)	0.008 (max) (removal at STP (84%))	River (after STP)	10*	0.15	0.76	NA	NA
LDA-17	0.044 process water, rinse water and run-off water is treated before discharge to sea	99.9	0.017 (90P)	sea	100*	0.006	0.05	NA	NA	2001 bg marine water = 0.05 µg/l
LDA-27	0.016	99.9	0.017 (90P)	Estuary	1,000 (max) (site specific=11,687)	0.001 (ss: 0.0001)	0.69 (ss: 0.69)	10.7 (total lead) (60 km); outlet is situated at 60.3 km	14.1-14.7 (total lead) (65-70 km)	Country-specific bg water = 0.69 µg/l
LDA-31	0.049	>99	0.31 (90P)	river (direct discharge)	10*	5.71		30 (avg)	NA	Country-specific bg water = 0.69 µg/l
LDA-31	0.049	84% (default)	0.0005 (90P)	river (after STP)	10*	0.009	0.70	30 (avg)	NA	Country-specific bg water = 0.69 µg/l effluent conc: 90P value, measured Pb level in effluent STP: <0.5 µg/l
LDA-39	0.14	>98.5	0.3 (90P)	river	74	0.75	1.44	1.3 (avg, total lead) (200 m upstream from discharge point)	2.7 (dissolved) & 18 (total) (unclear if downstream from site; min-max: 1.2-2.7 µg/l; data from 1991-1995)	Country-specific bg water = 0.69 µg/l
LDA-40	0.00022	99	0.037 (90P)	river	422	0.016	0.71	9 (total lead; 25-50 m upstream from discharge point)	3 (total lead; 25-100 m downstream from plant)	Country-specific bg water = 0.69 µg/l
LDA-41	0.12	>99	0.24 (90P)	river	1,000 (max (site specific=14,645)	0.044 (ss: 0.003)	0.73 (ss: 0.69)	NA	NA	Country-specific bg water = 0.69 µg/l
LDA-56	0.037	Not applicable	0.19 (90P)	river	1,000 (max) (site specific=4,718)	0.035 (ss: 0.007)	0.73 (ss: 0.70)	2.6 (avg) (total, 16 km upstream from discharge point)	3.6 (avg) (10 km downstream from discharge point)	Country-specific bg water = 0.69 µg/l No process water, cooling water only
LDA-63	0.55	100%	0.58 (90P)	river	439	0.24	1.15	NA	NA	Country-specific bg water = 0.91 µg/l
LDA-66	0.009	99%	0.036	river	1,000 (max) (site specific=72,000)	0.007 (ss: 0.0001)	0.55 (ss: 0.54)	NA	NA	Country-specific bg water = 0.54 µg/l
LDA-67	NA	NA	5.0 (90P)	river	1,000 (max) (site specific=248,902) (flow rate of final receiving river)	0.92 (ss: 0.0037)	1.53 (ss: 0.61)	4.0 (during winter, stream with water) (first receiving river)	26.0 during winter, stream with water, during summer (no rain) stream is dry (first receiving river)	unknown part of this value is process water (is recirculated in process) other part is run-off water; is directed to the river after treatment on site
LDA-68	0.01	NA	0.03 (90P)	sea	100*	0.011	0.06	NA	NA	bg marine water = 0.05 µg/l
LDA-70	0.17	95-99%	0.21	river	10*	3.87		NA	NA
LDA-70	0.17	84% (default)	0.009	River (after STP)	10*	0.16	0.77	NA	NA	Effluent conc.: removal at STP (84%) + extra dilution factor STP: 4
LDA-74	0.03	95-99.5%	0.279 (90P)	river	10*	5.14		NA	NA
LDA-74	0.03	84% (default)	0.0022 (90P)	River (after STP)	10*	0.04	0.65	NA	NA	Effluent conc.: removal at STP (84%) + extra dilution factor STP: 20
LDA-75	0.00068	98-99%	0.09 (avg)	river	10*	1.66		NA	NA	Country-specific bg water = 0.54 µg/l
LDA-75	0.00068	84% (default)	0.00072 (avg)	River (after STP)	10*	0.013	0.55	NA	NA	Country-specific bg water = 0.54 µg/l Effluent conc.: removal at STP (84%) + extra dilution factor STP: 20
LDA-76	No emissions ? To clarify		Not applicable	Not applicable		0	0.54	Not applicable	Not applicable	Country-specific bg water = 0.54 µg/l
LDA-77	No emissions. Recycling of industrial waste water	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	0	0.61	Not applicable	Not applicable
LDA-98	0.0039	NA	0.15 (90P)	river	1,000 (max) (site specific=9,673)	0.03 (ss: 0.0028)	0.64 (ss: 0.61)	NA	NA
LDA-100	0.02	96-99.6%	0.14 (avg)	River	10*	2.58		NA	NA	Direct discharge
LDA-100	0.02	84% (default)	0.001 (avg)	River after STP	10*	0.02	0.63	NA	NA	Effluent concentration: Pb removal and extra dilution in STP: 23.5
LDA-101	0.0036	99.95%	0.10 (max)	River	10*	1.84		NA	NA
LDA-101	0.0036	84% (default)	0.0008 (max)	River after STP	10*	0.01	0.62	NA	NA	Effluent conc.: removal at STP (84%) + extra dilution factor STP: 20.4

Table 3.1.5 13 Local C_addsediment/PEC_totalsediment from Pb metal producing plants in the EU

Plant N°	Emission (kg/d)	Caddlocal water (dissolved) (µg/l) calculated	Caddsediment (mg/kgdw) Calculated (ave / 90p)	PECtotalsediment (mg/kgww) Calculated (PECtotalregional=55.4 mg/kg dw;modelled generic region)	PECtotalsediment (mg/kgww) Calculated (PECtotalregional=100.1 mg/kg dw;measured)	PECsediment (mg/kgdw) upstream measured	PECsediment (mg/kgdw) downstream measured	Year	Comments
LDA-01	0.065	0.009 (ss: 0.004)	2.58 (ss: 1.19)	58 (ss: 57)	110 (ss: 108)	36.60 (2 km from discharge point)	140.3 (2 km from discharge point; at discharge point: 147 mg/kg dw)	2000	Country-specific bg sediment = 107.3 mg/kg dw Tidal river
LDA-02	0.71	0.19 (ss: 0.023)	174.88 (ss: 21.77)	230 (ss: 77)	275 (ss: 122)	NA	NA	2000	discharge of 3 effluents together to estuary
LDA-03	0.023	3.48	1016	1,071	1,123	NA	NA	2000	Country-specific bg sediment = 107.3 mg/kg dw
LDA-16	Plant emits only cooling water and run-off water, NO PROCESS WATER	0.15	42.99	98	143	NA	NA	2002
LDA-17	0.044 process water, rinse water and run-off water is treated before discharge to sea	0.006	10.71	66	64	NA	NA	2001	Country-specific bg sediment = 53.2 mg/kg dw
LDA-27	0.016	0.001 (ss: 0.0001)	1.05 (ss: 0.09)	56 (ss: 55)	101 (ss: 100)	95 (2.1 km north; year 2002)	56-78 (2.8 km south-7km south (year 2002))	2000
LDA-31	0.049	5.71				NA	NA	2000
LDA-31	0.049	0.009	2.69	58	103	NA	NA	2000
LDA-39	0.14	0.75	217.88	273	318			2000
LDA-40	0.00022	0.016	4.71	60	105	NA	1,600 (geological burdened region 220-12,000 (min-max) data from 1991-1995)	2000
LDA-41	0.12	0.044 (ss: 0.003)	12.90 (ss:0.88)	68 (ss: 56)	113 (ss: 101)	NA	NA	2000
LDA-56	0.037	0.035 (ss:0.007)	10.21 (ss:2.16)	66 (ss: 58)	110 (ss: 102)	NA	NA	2000
LDA-63	0.55	0.24	70.93	126	171 (ss: 100)	80.4 (+/- 21.4) (dw)	67.8 (+/- 16) (dw)	2000
LDA-66	0.009	0.007 (ss:0.0001)	1.93 (ss:0.03)	57 (ss: 55)	85 (ss:83)	NA	NA	2000	Country-specific bg sediment = 83.3 mg/kg dw the river takes drainage water from hundreds of lead mines so there appears to be little point in trying to relate sediments to this site
LDA-67	NA	0.92 (ss:0.0037)	269 (ss:1.08)	324 (ss: 56)	369 (ss: 101)	NA	NA	2000
LDA-68	0.01	0.011	19.02	74	72	NA	NA	2000	Country-specific bg sediment = 53.2 mg/kg dw GENERIC
LDA-70	0.17	3.87				NA	NA	2003
LDA-70	0.17	0.16	45.77	101	146
LDA-74	0.03	5.14				NA	NA	2000
LDA-74	0.03	0.04	11.99	67	112	NA	NA	2000
LDA-75	0.00068	1.66				NA	NA	2000
LDA-75	0.00068	0.013	3.87	59	87	NA	NA	2000	Country-specific bg sediment = 83.3 mg/kg dw
LDA-76	No emissions ? To clarify	0	0	55	83	NA	NA	2000	Country-specific bg sediment = 83.3 mg/kg dw
LDA-77	No emissions. Recycling of industrial waste water	0	0	55	78.4	Not applicable	Not applicable	2000	Country-specific bg sediment = 78.4 mg/kg dw
LDA-98	0.0039	0.03 (ss:0.0028)	7.79 (ss:0.81)	63 (ss: 56)	115 (ss: 108)	NA	NA	2003	Country-specific bg sediment = 107.3 mg/kg dw
LDA-100	0.02	752 (avg)	838			NA	2000
LDA-100	0.02	5.12 (avg)	91	61	105	NA	2000
LDA-101	0.0036	0.01 (max)	4.21			NA	NA	2003
LDA-101	0.0036	0.01 (max)	4.21	60	83	NA	NA	2003	Country-specific bg sediment = 78.4 mg/kg dw

2.