Eu risk assessment

*: emission to sea; Nr: data not relevant for site assessment; U: upstream; D: downstream; PECtotal reg used for derivation of PEClocal = 54.4 mg/kg dw (modelled) or 100.1 mg/kg dw (measured); unless otherwise specified.

Measured Pb concentrations in sediment – presented in Table 3.1.5-31- are available for Pb metal producing plants LDA-01, 27, 40, 63; lead sheet production plant 51; lead battery plant LDA-37, 38, 46, 48, 49; lead oxide producing plant LDA-22 and lead stabiliser producing plant LDA-06.

It should be noted that for 5 sites of the ones listed above (i.e. LDA-01, 27, 40, 37, 22) the reported monitoring data are not relevant for the specific sites – i.e. only background levels are reported; no downstream values are provided; the sampling downstream is too far away from the discharge point (some kms), thus not relevant for the site. Measurements are outdated (year 1991-1995).

• 
  Pb metal production site LDA-63 provides recent measurements in sediments downstream from the discharge point of 67.816 mg/kg dw. The measured Pb concentrations are 1.9-2.5 times below the calculated PEClocal sediment of 126 mg/kg dw (modelled PECregional as background) and 171 mg/kg dw (measured PECregional as background).
  
• 
  Site LDA-51 provides recent upstream and downstream measurements in sediments of 236 mg/kg dw and 1040 mg/kg dw respectively. The measured downstream Pb concentration is twofold the modelled PECs of 551-603 mg/kg dw.
  
• 
  Pb concentrations in sediments located 150 m downstream from battery site LDA-38 are reported to be 192 mg/kg dw; i.e. two to threefold the modelled PECs sediment for the site of 61-89 mg/kg dw.
  
• 
  Reported average and 90P Pb concentrations in sediment downstream from site LDA-46 i.e. 351 mg/kg dw and 681 mg/kg dw respectively, are in the same order of magnitude as the modelled sediment concentrations for the site of 593-637 mg/kg dw.
  
• 
  Battery production site LDA-48 reports Pb concentrations in sediment 50 m after the discharge point of 61 mg/kg dw (year 2004 data) in the small river, 37-38 times below the modelled Pb in sediment values of 2275-2320 mg/kg dw. For the same site, a measured sediment value is provided 50 m downstream of the confluence of the small and large river i.e. 28 mg/kg dw. This value is situated ten times below the modelled PECs (257-302 mg/kg dw).
  
• 
  Measured data are reported for site LDA-49. It should be noted however that the site is characterised by high geogen and anthropogenic backgrounds, partly due to the presence of lead and zinc smelting activities. Downstream Pb in sediment concentrations are reported as 400-3000 mg/kg dw, while modelled PECs for this site amount to 944-989 mg/kg dw.
  
• 
  Pb stabiliser site LDA-06 reports downstream average and 90P Pb concentrations in sediments of 56 and 86 mg/kg dw respectively, corroborating well with the modelled levels of 69 and 113 mg/kg dw.
  

In conclusion, it is noted that only limited measured information is (made) available.

Moreover, it is stated by the companies that submitted measured data can be influenced by other sources (incl. historic contamination).

For some of the production or processing sites, the measured values are situated below the modelled PECs (sites 63, 48); for some sites, measured values are situated above the modelled PECs (sites 51, 38, 49); for two other sites the data corroborate well (sites 46, 06).

The measured concentrations in sediment (in the range 28-3000 mg/kg dw) are for the Pb metal producers and processors a factor of 38 lower to 3.2 higher than the calculated values (range 56 to 2320 mg/kg dw).

For other sectors/plants no comparison is possible due to the lack of measured data.

Both calculated and measured data will be taken forward to the risk characterisation bearing however in mind the limitations of these values.

3. Terrestrial compartment

   1. Calculation of PEC_local

Legend to all tables presented below:

NA: no data available

Yellow color: data clarification needed, to be verified
Blue color: direct discharge to surface water (worst case, this scenario will not be used in the exposure assessment, unless the substance considered has a specific use category where direct discharge to water is widely practised)
Green color: discharge to municipal STP before final surface water (real case, this scenario will be used in the exposure assessment and risk characterisation)
Brown color: no emission data available, generic scenario applied
M/E: Measured/Estimated
T/D: Total/dissolved concentration
Avg: average concentration
90P: 90th percentile of dataset
ss: site specific dilution factor

DD: direct discharge

STP: municipal sewage treatment plant

WWTP: on-site waste water treatment plant

AD: aerial deposition

SA: sludge application (from STP to agricultural soil)

Note soil: Due to the fact that the dataset for natural soil is restricted to one country i.e. Germany and due to the wide variability of reported Pb concentrations for this soil type, it is recommended to use the modelled PECregional of 33.6 mg/kg dw, as calculated for natural soil in the generic region (TGD, 10% rule).

1. Calculation of PEC_local for lead metal production (primary, secondary) (23 sites)

An overview of the calculated local Pb concentrations in soil is presented in Table 3.1.6-1. From these tables it can be concluded that for Pb metal producers in Europe:

Soil

• 
  Calculated annual average aerial deposition rates vary between 0.001 mg/m².d and 0.08 mg/m².d.
  

• 
  The main exposure route is aerial deposition for lead metal producers; sludge from the on-site WWTP is not applied to agricultural soil but is recycled or landfilled (industry information). Since the water from LDA-70, 74, 75, 100 and 101 is treated in a municipal STP, the sludge from this STP is assumed to be applied on agricultural land (Pb conc. in sludge: 197 mg/kg dw, 37.4 mg/kg dw, 0.8 mg/kg dw, 20.1 mg/kg dw, 4.3 mg/kg dw) (AD+SA). Site LDA-31 declares that the STP sludge is incinerated instead of applied to land since field application of STP sludge is restricted by regulation with limit values for metals.
  
• 
  Calculated added local concentrations in soil vary between 0.028 mg/kg dw (LDA-98, AD) and 3.59 mg/kg dw (LDA-70, AD+SA). Calculated PEC_total levels in soil vary between 28.3 mg/kg dw (modelled regional background generic region = 28.3 mg/kg dw) and 31.9 mg/kg dw. Using the agricultural soil data as PECregional, the calculated PECtotal levels in soil vary between 26.1 mg/kg dw (measured country-specific regional background_total agricultural soil = 26.0 mg/kg dw) and 50.9 mg/kg dw (measured country-specific regional background_total agricultural soil = 50.8 mg/kg dw).
  

• 
  Performing the exposure assessment for the soil compartment taking into account stack emissions as well as fugitive emissions (reported for different sites) gives added local concentrations in soil for varying between 0.11 mg/kg dw (min, LDA-66, fugitive emissions: 120 kg/year; stack emissions: 200 kg/year) and 2.01 mg/kg dw (max, LDA-01, fugitive emissions: 3,021 kg/year; stack emissions: 2,970 kg/year) (modelled). Cadd local soil values for these sites taking into account stack emissions only are 0.07 mg/kg dw and 1.00 mg/kg dw respectively. PECvalues of 32.1 mg/kg dw – 34.0 mg/kg dw are obtained. The reported fugitive emissions are therefore significant when compared to stack emissions. It must be stressed that these data were generated using a variety of different methods and probably represent unrealistic worst case estimates. However in this sector they do not increase substantially the PECsoil levels.
  
• 
  Measured aerial deposition rates are reported for LDA-01, 02, 03, 16, 17, 27, 31, 39, 40, 41, 56, 63. These data cover not only stack emissions from the site, but also fugitive emissions. Measured deposition rates of 0.12-0.27 mg/m².d (90P) (1,000 m from plant including diffuse emissions) (LDA-01), 0.31-1.07 mg/m2.d (90P) (400m -1 km ?? from plant) (LDA-02), 0.19-0.43 mg/m².d (includes fugitive emissions + other metal company) (LDA-03), 0.038-0.317 mg/m².d (different measurement points, 300-2,000 m from the plant) (LDA-16), 0.007 mg/m².d (year 99-2000); 97/98: 0.009 mg/m².d; 98/99: 0.006 mg/m².d (17 km from site) (LDA-17), 0.08-0.225 mg/m².d (1 km from site) (LDA-27), 0.116 mg/m² (1000 m from site, in wind direction) (LDA-31), 0.24-0.44 mg/m².d (1 km downwind from plant) (LDA-39), 0.078 mg/m².d (avg from 24 mp; square 1 km²) (LDA-40), 0.8 mg/m².d (50 m distance) (LDA-41), 0.022-0.156 mg/m².d (1,000-1,300 m SE-E) (LDA-56) and 3.9-4.5 mg/m².d (760-950m) (LDA-63) are given. The measured deposition rates for plant 17 and 41 are not relevant to use in the calculations since measurements were made at a distance of 17 km and 50 m from the plant. They do not fulfill the TGD criteria (1,000 m radius). The calculation of Clocal_soil on the basis of measured deposition rates results in Pb concentrations varying between 0.95 mg/kg dw (LDA-40) and 55 mg/kg dw (LDA-63). It should be noted however that measured aerial deposition rates in the surroundings of the plant incorporate lead from other sources and blown up dust particles containing lead. The measured lead cannot be attributed solely to the emissions from the plant (fugitive and stack) and hence exposure is overestimated. Alternatively, deposition from fugitive emissions is taken into account using the OPS model (TGD).
  
• 
  Measured PEClocal soil data are available for LDA-01, 03, 27, 31, 39, 40, 56, 75 and 76. These data are 400-1,500 mg/kg dw (0-500 m from fence (downwind); depth: 0-30 cm) (LDA-01); 7-120 mg/kg dw (430-470 m) (LDA-03), 456-699 mg/kg (Western side of river: 1.5-1.3 km from plant) and 171-296 mg/kg (eastern side of river: 1.1-1.3 km from plant) (LDA-27), 2,000-5,000 mg/kg (1 km downwind from site) (LDA-31), >600 ppm->1,000 ppm (upper soil in region) (LDA-39), 221 mg/kg (800 m radius) (0-16 cm depth) (LDA-40) and 300 mg/kg (2 km downwind from site) (LDA-56), <300 mgPb/kg dw (near air monitoring site (300 m from plant); surface depth: 0-25cm; 100 g/sample; sieving 10mm; breaking, acid attac, ICP) (LDA-75), <150 mg Pb/kg dw (150 ppm at 200 m; 100 ppm at 500 m); (depth: 0-25cm; 100 g/sample; sieving 10 mm; breaking, acid attac, ICP) (LDA-76).
  

Table 3.1.6 43 Local C_addsoil /PEC_totalsoil for Pb metal producing plants in the EU

Plant N°	Emission to air (kg/d)	Number of emission days	annual avg deposition rate (mg/m^2.d) calculated	deposition rate (mg/m^2.d) measured	Sludge application° (destination)	Pathways (AD, SA)	Sludge conc. (mg/kgdw) calculated	Caddlocal soil (mg/kgdw) calculated	PECtotallocal soil (mg/kgdw) Calculated (PECtotalreg: 28.3 mg/kg dw; modelled natural soil; TGD region)	Clocal soil (mg/kgdw) calculated (+fugitive emissions)	PEClocal soil (mg/kgdw) measured
LDA-01	8.11	366	0.08	0.12-0.27 (year 2003, avg) (1000 m from plant including diffuse emissions)	80% reused and 20% disposed to landfill	AD	-	1.00	30.3	3.31 (0.27 mg/m^2.d)	400-1500 mg/kg dw (0-30 cm depth) at distance of 0-500 m from the fence in main wind direction
LDA-02	6.50	365	0.06	0.15-0.33 mg/m2.d (geometric mean); 0.31-1.07 mg/m2.d (90P); 6 different distances from site (400 m-1 km?); year 2004 data; reflect changes that have taken place at the site.	landfill ?	AD	-	0.80	29.1	NA	NA no data available
LDA-03	1.70	325	0.015	0.19-0.43 (includes fugitive emissions + other metal company)	recycled	AD	-	0.19	28.5	4.6 (0.43 mg/m^2.d)	7-120 (430 - 470 m)
LDA-16	1.26	320	0.011	0.038-0.317 (different measuring points, 300 m to 2000 m from plant border, year mean average values (Bergerhoff method) - 2 other factories also working with lead additives on same industrial park)	Not applicable	AD	-	0.14	28.4	3.88 (0.32 mg/m2.d)	NA
LDA-17	3.20	244	0.021	0.007 mg/m2.d (17 km away from site) (year 99-2000); 97/98: 0.009; 98/99: 0.006 mg/m^2.d	NA	AD	-	0.26	28.6	NA	NA
LDA-27	1.11	365	0.011	0.08-0.225 (1 km from site)	landfilled	AD	-	0.14	28.4	2.75 (0.225 mg/m2.d)	Measured soil data 456-699 (Western side of river: 1.5-1.3 km from plant) 171-296 (eastern side of river: 1.1-1.3 km from plant)
LDA-31	3.90	365	0.039	0.116 (1000 m from plant in wind direction)	Incinerated (Field application of STP sludge is restricted by regulation with limit values for metals and regions)	AD	-	0.48	28.8	5.24 (0.116 mg/m2.d)	Measured soil data 2,000-5,000 (1km downwind from plant)
LDA-39	0.28	365	0.003	0.24-0.44 (1 km downwind from plant)	recycled in lead production	AD	-	0.034	28.3	5.38 (0.44 mg/m2.d)	>600 ppm->1,000 ppm
LDA-40	0.28	345	0.003	0.078 (avg from 24 mp; square 1 km^2)	recycled in shaft furnace	AD	-	0.033	28.3	0.95 (0.078 mg/m2.d)	221 (800 m radius) (0-16 cm depth)
LDA-41	0.51	220	0.0031	0.8 (50 m distance)	recycled in lead production	AD	-	0.038	28.3	0.25 (modelled on basis of stack+fugitive emissions) (112+620 kg)	NA
LDA-56	0.65	240	0.004	0.022-0.156 (1000-1300 m SE-E)	NA	AD	-	0.05	28.4	1.91(0.156 mg/m2.d)	300 (2 km downwind from site)
LDA-63	1.73	338	0.016	3.9-4.5 (760-950m)	recycled (used in the lead furnace oven)	AD	-	0.20	28.5	55.0 (4.5 mg/m2.d)	NA
LDA-66	0.67	300	0.005	NA	recycled	AD	-	0.07	28.4	0.11 (modelled on basis of stack+fugitive emissions) (200+120 kg)	NA
LDA-67	0.38	330	0.003	NA	recycled	AD	-	0.04	28.3	NA	NA
LDA-68	0.63	223	0.004	NA	recycled	AD	-	0.05	28.3	NA	NA
LDA-70	3.89	230	0.025	NA	recycled	AD+SA	-	3.59	31.9	NA	NA
LDA-74	3.75	230	0.024	NA	agricultural soil	AD+SA	37.40	0.91	29.2	NA	NA, Tests made in the past showed no measurable difference from background
LDA-75	0.23	221	0.0014	NA	agricultural soil	AD+SA	0.80	0.03	28.3
LDA-76	0.55	222	0.003	NA	recycled	AD	-	0.04	28.3	NA	<300 mgPb/kg dw; near air monitoring site (300 m from plant); surface depth: 0-25cm; 100 g/sample; sieving 10mm; breaking, acid attac, ICP
LDA-77	0.87	220	0.00523	0.0804 ? Unit ? (year 2002, nearby village)		AD	-	0.06	28.4
LDA-98	0.37	223	0.00227	NA		AD	-	0.03	28.3
LDA-100	1.57	230	0.00986	NA	agricultural soil	AD+SA	20.06	0.46	28.8
LDA-101	1.53	333	0.0139	NA	agricultural soil	AD+SA	4.26	0.24	28.5

2.