Evidentiality in Uzbek and Kazakh

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii 
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. ix 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... xi 
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... xiv 
NOTES ON ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONOLOGY .................................................... xv 
Uzbek ............................................................................................................................ xv 
Kazakh .......................................................................................................................... xv 
LIST OF GLOSSING CONVENTIONS........................................................................ xvii 
PREFACE........................................................................................................................... 1 
0.1 General Considerations.......................................................................................... 1 
0.2 Methodology and Conventions.............................................................................. 2 
0.2.1 Data Sources.................................................................................................... 2 
0.2.2 Glossing Conventions ..................................................................................... 4 
0.3 Notes on Terminology ........................................................................................... 5 
0.4 Outline ................................................................................................................... 9 
1 EVIDENTIALITY: HISTORIC, AREAL, AND GENETIC CONSIDERATIONS..... 12 
1.1 A History of the Study of Evidentiality............................................................... 13 
1.1.1 Early Accounts of Evidentiality .................................................................... 13 
1.1.2 Evidentiality and Verbal Categories ............................................................. 14 
1.2 Evidentiality as an Areal Feature......................................................................... 21 
1.2.1 The Eurasian Evidentiality Belt .................................................................... 22 
1.2.2 The Role of Turkic in the Evidentiality Belt................................................. 27 

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1.2.3 Uzbek and Kazakh: Areal Importance .......................................................... 33 
2 PREDICATION IN UZBEK AND KAZAKH.............................................................. 39 
2.1 Agreement Markers ............................................................................................. 40 
2.2 Predication and Lexical Categories ..................................................................... 41 
2.2.1 Nouns and Adjectives.................................................................................... 42 
2.2.2 Pronouns........................................................................................................ 44 
2.2.3 Existentials and Deontics .............................................................................. 45 
2.3 Verbal Predication ............................................................................................... 46 
2.3.1 Finite Verbal Morphology............................................................................. 47 
2.3.2 Non-Finite Verbal Morphology .................................................................... 49 
2.4 Copular Predication ............................................................................................. 54 
2.5 Forms Relevant to Evidentiality .......................................................................... 58 
3 THE PAST AND CONFIRMATIVITY........................................................................ 61 
3.1 Confirmativity in the Past and the Perfect........................................................... 63 
3.2 The Non-Confirmative Converbial Past .............................................................. 77 
3.3 The Copular Past.................................................................................................. 82 
3.4 The Development of Past Tenses ....................................................................... 86 
4 EVIDENTIAL MEANINGS OF EKAN/EKEN............................................................. 89 
4.1 Use and Meaning of Ekan/Eken .......................................................................... 90 
4.1.1 Ekan/Eken in Declarative Contexts............................................................... 91 
4.1.2 Morphosyntactic Properties of Ekan/Eken in Declarative Clauses............... 96 
4.1.3 Ekan/Eken in Interrogative Contexts........................................................... 100 
4.1.4 Morphosyntactic Properties of Ekan/Eken in Interrogative Clauses........... 103 

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4.1.5 On the Modern Reflexes of *er-miš............................................................ 107 
4.1.5.1 On emish in Uzbek................................................................................ 108 
4.1.5.2 On -mIs in Kazakh ................................................................................ 110 
4.2 Ekan/Eken and Temporal Reference ................................................................. 113 
4.3 Ekan/Eken and Verbal Categories ..................................................................... 119 
5 EKAN/EKEN AND THE EXPRESSION OF EMOTIVITY ....................................... 127 
5.1 Emotivity, Speech Act, and Sentence Type....................................................... 128 
5.1.1 Admirativity: Emotivity and Non-Confirmativity ...................................... 132 
5.1.2 Formal Properties of Admiratives ............................................................... 134 
5.1.3 Admiratives, Exclamatives, and Emotivity................................................. 136 
5.2 Rhetorical Questions: Speaker-Oriented Interrogatives .................................... 142 
5.3 Emotivity, Evidentiality, and Confirmativity .................................................... 147 
6 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................... 155 
6.1 Evidentiality in Uzbek and Kazakh: A Summary.............................................. 155 
6.1.1 Major Findings................................................................................................ 155 
6.1.2 Differences between Uzbek and Kazakh .................................................... 161 
6.2 Implications ....................................................................................................... 164 
6.2.1 Implications for Related Languages............................................................ 164 
6.2.1.1 Kyrgyz .................................................................................................. 165 
6.2.1.2 Uyghur .................................................................................................. 166 
6.2.1.3 Turkmen................................................................................................ 167 
6.2.1.4 Tajik...................................................................................................... 169 
6.2.1.5 Other Central Asian and Turkic Languages ......................................... 171 

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6.2.2 Theoretical Implications.............................................................................. 172 
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 176 

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