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admirativity is an extension of evidential meaning, and therefore should not be placed in its own
category. Plungian (2001) places admirativity
within the category of
MODALITY
or
STATUS
, as it
has less to do with source of information and more to do with speaker attitude, but notes that the
connection between admirativity and evidentiality is logical when languages exhibit only a two-
way (direct vs. indirect)
distinction in evidentiality, as both the indirect evidential and
admiratives express low levels of speaker confidence. On the basis of data from Tibetan and
Hare, DeLancey (1997; 2001) claims that admirativity merits the status of a category, as in Hare,
admirativity is expressed in a separate part of the verbal paradigm from evidentiality.
Whether or not one considers
MODALITY
a separate category, the connections among it,
EVIDENTIALITY
, and
STATUS
/
MODALITY
are quite clear. Plungian’s (2001)
assessment of
admirativity and (non-firsthand) evidentiality as having to do with low levels of speaker
confidence can be related to the notion of
NON
-
CONFIRMATIVITY
that was first proposed by
Aronson (1967) and expanded upon by Friedman (1978; 1980, etc.). In the previous chapter, we
established that the marking of non-firsthand information source, a type of evidential meaning in
Uzbek
and Kazakh, was dependent upon the marking of non-confirmativity. This other meaning
of
ekan/eken, the expression of
ADMIRATIVITY
, can also be related to non-confirmativity. If we
posit that the primary meaning of
ekan/eken is non-confirmativity, then the use of these
morphemes describing either past or non-visible events results in
a non-firsthand information
source (or evidential) reading. When these morphemes are employed to describe events that the
speaker has clearly just witnessed, however, the combination of non-confirmativity and clear,
first-hand information produces the ironic,
surprised, unexpected, or otherwise
EMOTIVE
meanings ascribed to admirative utterances (see Darden 1977 for a similar analysis of
134
Bulgarian). The relationship between evidential, admirative/emotive, and non-confirmative
meaning will be further discussed in the final section of this chapter.
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