Excerpts from

82 Brehier, op. cit. n, pp. 492-3, for a good summary of the marriage laws.

83 For a summary of the careers and aims of Nicholas Mysticus and Cerularius

see R.Jenkins, Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, pp. 212-43

84 John Cinnamus, Historia (C.S.H.B. edition), pp. 251-5; Nicetas Choniates Chronicon (C.S.H.B. edit.), pp. 274-8.

85 D. M. Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros, pp. 76 ff.; A. Gardner, The Lascarids of Nicaea, pp. 97-9.

86 Mgr Chrysanthos, ‘Η Εκκλησια της Τραπεζοθντος, pp. 177-8.

87 Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros, pp. 8off.

88 See diplomata in Miklosich and Miiller, op. cit. m, pp. 59-63.

89 Ibid. p. 65.

90 Nicephorus Blemmydes, Curriculum Vitae et Carmina (ed. A. Heisenberg), pp. 38-9.

91 See P. Charanis, ‘The Strife among the Palaeologi and the Ottoman Turks, 1370-1402,’ Byzantion, xvi (1942/3), pp. 304 off.

92 SeeL.Petit,’Arsene Antoninus et Arsenites,’ in Dictionnaire de theologie catholique, by L. Petit, I, ii, coll. 1991-4; G. Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State (trans. J. M. Hussey), pp. 411, 433.

93 See D. J. Geanakoplos, Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, pp. 275-94.

94 See Ostrogorsky, op. cit. pp. 432-3.

95 Ostrogorsky, op. cit. pp. 459-61; O. Tafrali, Thessalonique au quatrieme siecle, pp. 23-4. See also I. Sevcenko, ‘Nicolas Cabasilas’s “Anti-Zealot” Discourse: A Reinterpretation,’ Dumbarton Oaks Papers, xi (1957), pp. 81 ff.

96 V.Laurent, ‘Les Droits de l’Empereur en matiere ecclesiastique,’ Revue des Etudes byzantines, xiii (1955), pp.

1-20.

97 See above, p. 57.

98 V. Laurent, Revue des etudes byzantines, xiii; Silvester Syropoulos, Memoirs (trans, and ed. R. Creyghton), pp.

1-2.

99 See below, p. 109.

100 See below, pp. 109-10.

101 See below, p. 333.

102 Georgius Phrantzes, Chronicon (ed. I. Bekker, C.S.H.B. edition), pp. 205 ff.

103 G. Hill, A History of Cyprus, iii, pp. 1041 ff.

104 D. Obolensky, ‘Byzantium, Kiev and Moscow: a study in ecclesiastical relations,’ Dumbarton Oaks Papers, xi (1957), pp. 21-78. See above, pp. 71-2.

105 See above, p. 72.

106 S. J. Pierling, La Russie et le Saint-Siege, 1, pp. 56-9;

H. Schaeder, Moskau das dritte Rom, p. 22: Obolensky, loc. cit.

107 See above, p. 36.

108 See S. Runciman, ‘The Byzantine “Protectorate” in the Holy Land,’ Byzantion, xvm (1948), pp. 207-15.

109 Brehier, op. cit. n, pp. 472-3; A. Waechter, Der Verfall des Grieckentums in Kleinasien im XlV-ten Jahrhundert, pp. 9-59, giving details of various sees.

110 Waechter, op. cit. pp. 50-5.

111 For the rivalry between Rome and the Eastern Patriarchs see above, p. 21, n. 1. For the later disputes between Rome and Constantinople see S. Runciman, The Eastern Schism, pp. 1-27.

112 Ibid. pp. 49-51.

113 Ibid. pp. 124-44.

114 See J. Gill, The Council of Florence, pp. 12-15; D.J. Geanakoplos, Byzantine East and Latin West, pp. 84-7; S. Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople, pp. 6-9, 16-21.

115 John of Damascus, Orationes, M.P.G., xciv, coll. 1296 ff.; Theodore Studites, Epistolae, 1, 28, M.P.G., xcix, col. 1001. The doctrine of the Pentarchy had been put forward in the early seventh century by Maximus the Confessor, Disputatio cum Pyrrho, M.P.G., xci, col. 352.

116 See R.Jenkins, Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, pp. 105 ff.

117 E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (ed. J. B. Bury), vi, p. 368. For the dispute over thsjilioque clause in Photius’s time see F. Dvornik, The Photian Schism, pp. 117 ff., 196 ff. (tending to play down the differences); F. Gavin, Some Aspects of Contemporary Greek Orthodox Thought, pp. 129 ff.

118 For a summary of the differences in usage, see P. Evdokimov, L’Orthodoxie, pp. 249-52; Gill, op. cit. pp. 266, 277, 280-1.

119 For the early history of the filioque see A. Palmieri, ‘Filioque,’ in Dictionnaire de theologie catholique, v, ii, coll. 2309-17.

120 Basil, De Spiritu Sancto, M.P.G., xxxn, col. 136: Gregory Nazianzene, Sanctum Baptisma, M.P.G., xxxvi, col. 417.

121 A good summary of the Orthodox attitude is given in P. Shenard, The Greek East and the Latin West, pp. 61-72. The difficulty of translating terms was noted by Theophylact of Bulgaria, De iis in quibus Latini Accusantur, M.P.G., cxxvi, coll. 228 — 9, excusing Latin errors because of the poverty of philosophical terms in Latin. The problem recurred at the Council of Florence. See Gill, op. cit. pp. 191-3.

122 Gregory Nazianzene, Theologica quinta: De spiritu sancto, M.P.G., xxxvi, col. 141.

123 John of Damascus, De Fide Orthodoxa, M.P.G., xcrv, coll. 832-3, 849.

124 T. de Regnon, Etudes de theologie positive sur la Sainte Trinité, I, pp. 433, quoted in V. Lossky,

The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, p. 64.

125 Irenaeus, Contra Haereses, M.P.G., vn, col. 975; Athanasius, De Sententia Dionysii, M.P.G., xxv, col. 505, quoting Dionysius of Alexandria; Gregory Nazianzene, Oratio XX, M.P.G., xxxv, col. 1073, and Supremum Vale, M.P.G., xxxvi, col. 476; Theophylact of Bulgaria, Vita Clementis, M.P.G., cxxvi, col. 1209.

126 John of Damascus, be. cit.

127 Theophylact of Bulgaria, Enarratio in Ioannis Evangelium, M.P.G., cxxm, col. 1224.

128 See M. Jugie, Theologia Dogmatica Christianorum Orientalium ab Ecclesia Catholica Dissidentium, 1, pp. 417-18.

129 C. J. Hefele, Histoire des Conciles (trans. H. Leclercq), vi, I, pp. 153 ff.; D. Geanakoplos, Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, pp. 263 ff.

130 Jugie, op. cit. 1, pp. 418-21; K. M. Setton, ‘The Byzantine background to the Italian Renaissance,’ Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, C, 1 (1956), PP- 365-7.

131 Jugie, op. cit. 1, pp. 429-31.

132 Jugie, op. cit. 1, pp. 421-3.

133 Setton, op. tt. pp. 53-5.

134 For Palamism, see below, pp. 145-54.

135 Setton, op. cit. p. 57; G. Mercati, Notizie di Procoro e Demetrio Cidone, Manuele Caleca e Teodoro Meliteniota, pp. 441-50.

136 Setton, op. cit. pp. 28 ff.; Geanakoplos, Byzantine East and Latin West, pp. 90-2.

137 F. Dolger, Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des ostromischen Reiches, v, pp. 42-3.

138 O. Halécki, Un Empereur de Byzance a Rome, pp. 335 ff.

139 G. Phrantzes, Chronicon (ed. I. Bekker, C.S.H.B. edition), p. 178. 3 Gill, op. cit. pp. 17-30, 46ff.

140 Gill, op. tit. pp. 85 ff. 104

141 For the fullest account of the Council see Gill, op. at. pp. H5ff. See also Geanakoplos, Byzantine East and Latin West, pp. 88-109; G. Zonas, Περι την Αλωσιν της Κωνσταντινοθπολεως, pp. 9-70.

142 Syropoulos, op. cit. p. 284. The lay delegates seem not to have been required to sign the union but to make statements supporting it, and Plethon managed somehow to avoid making a statement. The Georgian bishop left Florence early, to avoid signing the union decree.

143 Gill, op. cit. pp. 349fF.; Runciman, Fall of Constantinople, pp. 18-21, 62-4,68-72.

144 See Gill, op. cit. pp. 375-6, where Notaras’s attitude is justly brought out. Notaras’s famous remark is reported by Ducas, Historia Turco-Byzantina (ed. V. Grecu), p. 329.

145 For Cabasilas, see B. Tatakis, La Philosophic Byzantine, pp. 277-81.

146 See J. Meyendorff, A Study of Gregory Palamas (trans. G. Lawrence), pp. 28-30, 129-32.

147 Philopatris (C.S.H.B. edition), pp. 3378.”; Cecaumenus, Stratcgicon (ed. B. Vassilievsky and V. Jernstedt), pp. 46, 75.

148 For Psellus see Tatakis, op. cit. pp. 161 ff. For Italus, ibid. pp. 210-16, and A. Buckler, Anna Comnena, pp. 319-24.

149 For a summary of the educational course see L. Brehier, Le Monde Byzantin, iii, pp. 474-6: Buckler, op. tit. pp. 165 ff. For the Patriarchal Academy see Brehier, op. at. m, pp. 492-7.

150 Johannes Mauropus, Poemata, M.P.G., cxx, col. n 56.

151 F. Fuchs, Die Hoheren Schulen von Konstantinopel im Mittelalter, pp. 56 ff; Brehier, op. cit. m, pp. 482-4.

152 R. Guilland, Essai sur Nicephore Gregoras, pp. 13-15. George Scholarius opened a private school in about 1420. It was closed when he became judge-general. Fuchs, op. cit. pp. 70-1.

153 Fuchs, op. cit. pp. 70-5.

154 For Plethon’s school, see Tatakis, op. cit. pp. 281-93.

155 Tatakis, op. tit. pp. 249-56.

156 See below, pp. 144-5.

157 See above, pp. 100-1.

158 M.Jugie, Theologia Dogmatica Christicmorum Orientalium ab Ecclesia Catholica Dissidentium, 1, pp. 451-4.

159 Ibid. pp. 459-69; Tatakis, op. eit. p. 298.

160 Jugie, op. cit. i, pp. 483-6; Tatakis, op. cit. pp. 299-301. On Bessarion in general

see L. Mohler, Kardinal Bessarion als Theologe, Humanist und Staatsmann.

161 See above, p. 116, n. 2, and below, pp. 121-5.

162 See S. Runciman, ‘Byzantine and Hellene in the fourteenth century,’ Τομος Κωνσταντινου Αρμενοπουλου.

163 See above, p. 71.

164 Georgius Scholarius Gennadius, ‘Contre les Juifs,’ in OEuvres Completes, iii, 252.

165 See above, p. 109 and n. 2; also F. Masai, Plethon et le Platonisme de Mistra, passim; M. V. Anastos, ‘Pletho’s Calendar and Liturgy,’ Dumbarton Oaks Papers, IV (1948), pp. i83fF.; Tatakis, op. cit. pp. 281-94.

166 See Plethon, Traité des Lois, ed. C. Alexandre, app. xix, pp. 412-21.

167 Tatakis, op. cit. pp. 295-7.

168 See below, pp. 280-1.

169 For the best account of the Eastern mystical outlook see V. Lossky, Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, esp. pp. 7-22. See also P. Sherrard, The Greek East and Latin West, pp. 31-4.

170 Aldous Huxley, Grey Eminence (1st edition), p. 52.

171 Gregory Narianzene, Poemata, M.P.G., xxxvii, coll. 748, 984-5.

172 I. Hausherr, ‘La Traite de l’Oraison d’Evagre le Pontique,’ Revue d’ascetique et de mystique, xv (1934), pp. 34-93, 162-70; J. Meyendorff, A Study of Gregory Palamas, trans. G. Lawrence, pp. 135-6.

173 Meyendorff, A Study of Gregory Palamas, pp. 135-7.

174 Lossky, op. cit. pp. 200, 205, 210-12; Meyendorff, A Study of Gregory Palamas, pp. 128, 212.

175 Gregory of Nyssa, Vita Moysis, M.P.G., xnv, coll. 2978.”; Lossky, op. Cit. PP- 34-5

176 Basil, Epistolae, M.P.G., xxxn, col. 869.

177 Quoted by Euthymius Zigabenus, Panoplia, M.P.G., cxxx, col. 132.

178 John of Damascus, De Fide Orthodoxa, M.P.G., xciv, col. 800.

179 M. Jugie, ‘Palamas,’ Dictionnaire de theologie catholique, XI, coll. 17598.,” quoting Canon Oxoniensis.

180 Symeon the New Theologian, Divinorum Amorum Liber, M.P. G., ex, coll. 592-3. See Lossky, op. cit. pp. 218 ff.

181 See Meyendorff, A Study of Gregory Palamas, pp. 139-4.0.

182 Nicephorus the Hesychast, De Sobrietate, M.P.G., cxlvii, coll. 945-66. For him see G. Palamas, Defense des saints hesychastes (ed. and trans. J. Meyendorff), 1, pp. 331-3.

183 This treatise, called The Method of Holy Attention, is edited by Hausherr in Orientalia Christiana Periodica, ix, 2 (1927).

184 MS of John Climacus, Vatican, Graec. T754.

185 See J. Meyendorff, Saint Gregoire Palamas et la Mystique Orthodoxe, p. 140, and his preface to Palamas, Defense, pp. xxxix-xli.

186 Philotheus, Encomium Gregorae Palamae, M.P.G., en, col. 553.

187 For Barlaam’s career and philosophy see his own writings in M.P.G., en, coll. 1239-342; B. Tatakis, La Philosophic Byzantine, pp. 263-6; Meyendorff, Saint Grigoire Palamas, pp. 42-4; M. Jugie, Theologia Dogmatica Christianorum Orientalium ab Ecclesia Catholka Dissidentium, 1, pp. 470-3; K. M. Setton, ‘The Byzantine Background to the Italian Renaissance,’ Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, c, I, pp. 40-1. Meyendorff, op. cit. p. 90, for his words about Thomas Aquinas.

188 Meyendorff, Saint Gregoire Palamas, pp. 28-41. Ibid. p. 44.

189 Ibid. p. 44.

190 Quoted by Palamas, Defense, ii, pp. 401-3.

191 Barlaam’s own name for the Hesychasts was Omphaloscopoi.

192 Palamas, Defense. I use Meyendorff’s edition (see Bibliography), which is the only complete edition. Other of Palamas’s works are published in M.P.G., ex.

193 J. Cantacuzenus, Historianim Libri IV (ed. L. Schopen, C.S.H.B. edition), 1, pp. 551-2.

194 Meyendorff, Saint Gregoire Palamas, pp. 50-67.

195 For Barlaam’s later career see Setton, op. cit. pp. 44-5. Setton is remarkably kind to Barlaam.

196 Meyendorff, Saint Gregoire Palamas, pp. 57-60.

197 Ibid. pp. 63-80.

198 Meyendorff, Saint GregoirePalamas, pp. 86-101. Gregoras’s anti-Palamite account of the Council is given in his Historia, ed. L. Schopen and I. Bckker (C.S.H.B. edition), n, pp. 898-978. The Tome of the Council is published in M.P.G., en, coll. 721 ff. Palamas’s Confession of Faith, which the Council accepted, ibid. coll. 763-8.

199 Meyendorff, Saint Gregoire Palamas, pp. 102-7.

200 Ibid. p. 81, quoting MS letter of Akyndinus.

201 Gregoras, op. tit. m, pp. 324 fF. See also M. Candal, ‘Fuentes Palamiticas: Dialogo de Jorge Facrasi,’

Orientalia Christiana Periodica, xvi (1950).

202 Meyendorff, Saint Gregoire Palamas, pp. 111-12.

203 Ibid. pp. 80-6.

204 See above, p. 135, n. 1.

205 Gregory of Nyssa, De Instituto Christiano, M.P.G., xlvi, col. 301.

206 Isaac of Nineveh, Homily xxxv, Greek version, W. N. Theotoki, p. 229.

207 G. Palamas, De Hesychastis, M.P.G., cl, col. 1117.

208 Palamas, Defense, i, pp. 87-93.

209 Cantacuzenus, op. cit. 1, pp. 544-6.

210 Palamas, Defense, n, pp. 407-9, 421-3.

211 Palamas, Defense, I, p. 193.

212 Ibid. 1, p. 195, quoting Book of Revelation ii. 17.

213 This accusation is made by both Akyndinus and Nicephorus Gregoras.

See Meyendorff, Saint Gregoire Palamas, pp. 35-7; Jugie, op. cit. I, pp. 431 ff.

214 Palamas, Defense, ii, pp. 685-7. The passage from Dionysius the Areopagite can be found in his

De Divino Nomine, M.P.G., cl, col. 916.

215 Palamas, Capita Physica, M.P.G., cl, coll. 1189, 1220.

216 See Lossky, op. cit. pp. 67-90.

217 Meyendorff, Saint Gregoire Palamas, pp. 218-19.

218 For Aquinas’s thought see E. Gilson, The Philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas (trans. E. Bullough), passim. See also Sherrard, op. cit. pp. 145-54.

219 Palamas, Capita Physica, col. 949.

220 For Isaac Argyrus see H.-G. Beck, Kirche und tlieologische Literatur im Byzantinischen Reich.

221 For Cabasilas’s mystical teaching see M. Lot-Borodin, Un Maitre de la spiritualité Byzantine an XlVe siecle: Nicolas Cabasilas, passim; Tatakis, op. at. pp. 277-81.

222 For Symeon of Thessalonica, see M.Jugie, ‘Symeon de Thessalonique,’ Dictionnaire de theologie catholique, xiv, 2, coll. 2976-84: Beck, op. cit. pp. 952-3. His personal popularity is recorded by Anagnostes, De Excidio Thessalonicae (ed. I. Bekker, C.S.H.B. edition), pp. 487-8.

223 For Gregory of Sinai, see Tatakis, op. cit. pp. 261-3’“ Lossky, op. cit. pp. 209-10.

224 Meyendorff, Saint Gregoire Palamas, pp. 70-1, 136.

225 For Cyprian of Tirnovo and Nil of Sor, see V. Tkonnikov, Cultural Importance of Byzantium in Russian History (in Russian), pp. 72-83. See also below, p. 326.

226 The Philokalia, compiled by Macarius of Corinth and Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain, is printed in full in a Russian translation by Feodor, Bishop of Vladimir-Suzdal. There is a shorter Greek version, Η Φιλοκαλια των ιερων Νηπτικων 158.

227 For the story of the fall of the Empire see S. Runcirnan, The Fall of Constantinople.

228 See P. Argenti, The Occupation of Chios by the Genoese, 1, pp. 651 ff., and Chios Vincta, pp. cxlviii-cl,

cxcii-cxciii.

229 See W. Miller, Essays on the Latin Orient, pp. 265-8.

230 See C. Roth, The House of Nasi: the Dukes of Naxos, passim.

231 See D. M. Vaughan, Europe and the Turk 1350-1700, pp. 11-12, 109-10.

232 See Miller, op. cit. pp. 199-130.

233 For Mehmet II and his interest in Greek culture see F. Babinger, Mehmed der Eroberer und seine Zeit, pp. 4498.”

234 Phrantzes, Chronicon, C.S.H.B. edition, pp. 304-7; Critobulus (Kritovoulos), History of Mehmed the Conqueror, trans. C. T. Riggs, pp. 94-5.

235 Phrantzes, he. tit.; Critobulus, he. cit.: Historia Politica Constantinopoleos (C.S.H.B. edition), pp. 27-8: Historia Patriarchica Constantinopoleos (C.S.H.B. edition), pp. 80-2. For the actual date of the enthronement see T. H. Papa-dopoullos, Studies and Documents relating to the History of the Creek Church and People under Turkish Domination, p. 2 n. 2. G. Phrantzes, Chronicon, C.S.H.B. edition, pp. 304-7; Critobulus (Kritovoulos), History of Mehmed the Conqueror, trans. C. T. Riggs, pp. 94-5.

236 Phrantzes, loc. cit.; Critobulus, loc. cit.; Historia Politica, loc cit.; Historia Patriarchica, loc. cit.; Hierax, Χρονικον, in C. Sathas, Μεσαιωνικη Βιβλιοθηκη 1, p. 267; D. Cantemir, The History of the Growth and Decay of the Othman Empire, trans. N. Tindall, pp. loiff.; A. K. Hypsilantis, Τα μετα την Αλωσιν pp. 3-6. For modern discussions of the rights and privileges of the Patriarchate and the Greek milet see N. P. Eleutheriades, Τα Προνομια του Οικουμενικου Πατριαχειου passim: C. G. Papadopoulos, Les privileges du patriarcat oecumenique dans l'Empire Ottoman, passim; P. Karolidis, Ιστορια της Ελλαδος …, pp. 212-21. C. Amantos, Ορισμοι του Μοθσουλμανισμου υπερ των χριστιανων in Ελληνικα, ix (i936), Papadopoullos,op. cit.pp. 1-39; V. Laurent, ‘Les Chretiens sous les sultans,’ in Echos d’Orient, xxviii (1929), pp. 398-406, quoting Turkish sources.