Fear of violent outbursts of international violence overseas construct Others as

1NC

1. The economy advantage is grounded in gendered epistemology – Maximizes competition and the supremacy of male-centered values

Nhanenge 7 [Jytte: Master of Arts at the development studies at the University of South Africa “Ecofeminism: Towards Integrating the concerns of women,, poor people and nature into development” http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1].

In order to support this profit-making system science developed the discipline of economics. Economics is firmly founded on dualised values. It has therefore prioritized hard, masculine characteristics as being mannerly in economic profit making. It has ensured that all soft, feminine traits are considered as being subordinate and disgraceful for the economic individual. Hence, superior reason is selected over inferior emotion, competition over cooperation, self-interest over community-interest, maximization over optimization, and the needs of the individual over the needs of society. The first mentioned are superior human qualities that belong to the Ups, while the second ones are inferior traits that relate to the Downs. This bias focus on masculine characteristics has produced societies that consist of rational, competing, self-interested, and profit maximizing individuals. These individuals are often men, but may also include women, as long as they are willing to identify with the masculine traits and behaviour. The highest goals of these individuals are profit making for their own benefit. To maximize this objective the Ups are using the Downs as instruments. Hence, any rational individual with respect for himself would be exploiting nature's resources together with the free or cheap labour of women and Others. This means that all Downs are perceived as being instruments for the profit making of the Ups.

2. Masculine domination leads to extinction:

Jhyette Nhanenge, 2007 (developmental Africa worker), 2007, Retrieved May 30, 2015 from http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1/ ns

Technology can be used to dominate societies or to enhance them. Thus both science and technology could have developed in a different direction. But due to patriarchal values infiltrated in science the type of technology developed is meant to dominate, oppress, exploit and kill. One reason is that patriarchal societies identify masculinity with conquest. Thus any technical innovation will continue to be a tool for more effective oppression and exploitation. The highest priority seems to be given to technology that destroys life. Modern societies are dominated by masculine institutions and patriarchal ideologies. Their technologies prevailed in Auschwitz, Dresden, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Vietnam, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and in many other parts of the world. Patriarchal power has brought us acid rain, global warming, military states, poverty and countless cases of suffering. We have seen men whose power has caused them to lose all sense of reality, decency and imagination, and we must fear such power. The ultimate result of unchecked patriarchy will be ecological catastrophe and nuclear holocaust. Such actions are denial of wisdom. It is working against natural harmony and destroying the basis of existence. But as long as ordinary people leave questions of technology to the "experts" we will continue the forward stampede. As long as economics focus on technology and both are the focus of politics, we can leave none of them to experts. Ordinary people are often more capable of taking a wider and more humanistic view than these experts.

3. The alternative is to vote negative. In questioning the masculine conceptions of the 1AC we are able to embrace a feminist ethic that challenges the inequalities and violence of the status quo

Moghadam 01 [Valentine: feminist scholar and author, “Violence and Terrorism: Feminist Observations on Islamist Movements, State, and the International System” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. 21.1-2, Project Muse]

Our world desperately needs new economic and political frameworks in order to end the vicious cycle of violence and bring about people-oriented development, human security, and socio-economic justice, including justice for women. Such frameworks are being proposed in international circles, whether by some UN circles, the antiglobalization movement, or the global feminist movement. Women's peace movements in particular constitute an important countermovement to terrorism, and they should be encouraged and funded. Feminists and women's groups have long been involved in peace work, and their analyses and activities have contributed much to our understanding of the roots of conflict and the conditions for conflict resolution, human security, and human development. There is now a prodigious feminist scholarship that describes this activism while also critically analyzing international relations from various disciplinary vantage points, including political science.° The activities of antimilitarist groups such as the Women's international League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), Women Strike for Peace, and the Women of Greenham Common are legendary, and their legacy lies in ongoing efforts to "feminize" peace, human rights, and development. At the third UN conference on women, in Nairobi in 1985, women decided that not only equality and development, but also peace and war were their affairs.° The Nairobi conference took place in the midst of the crisis of Third World indebtedness and the implementation of austerity policies recommended by the World Bank and the IME Feminists were quick to see the links between economic distress, political instability, and violence against women. As Lucille Mair noted after the Nairobi conference: This [economic] distress exists in a climate of mounting violence and militarism... violence follows an ideological continuum, starting from the domestic sphere where it is tolerated, if not positively accepted. It then moves to the public political arena where it is glamorized and even celebrated.... Women and children are the prime victims of this cult of aggression.14 Since the 1980s, when women activists formed networks to work more effectively on local and global issues, transnational feminist networks have engaged in dialogues and alliances with other organizations in order to make an impact on peace, security, conflict resolution, and social justice.. The expansion of the population of educated, employed, mobile, and politically-aware women has led to increased activism by women in the areas of peace, conflict resolution, and human rights. Around the world, women have been insisting that their voices be heard, on the streets, in civil society organizations, and in the meeting halls of the multilateral organizations. Demographic changes and the rise of a "critical mass" of politically engaged women are reflected in the formation of many women's groups that are highly critical of existing political structures; that question masculinist values and behaviors in domestic politics, international relations, and conflict; and that seek to make strategic interventions, formulating solutions that are informed by feminine values. An important proposal is the institutionalization of peace education.