First semester

BO1-411: SC 3 – Sem I : Practical - Traditional Systems of Plant Medicine

1. 
   Aromatic plants – Eucalyptus, Mentha, Coleus, Ocimum, Patcholi, Cinnamon, Rose, Geranium, Jasmine.
   
2. 
   Home remedies- Pungent spices; Pepper, Coriandar, Clove, Zinger, Citrus, Garlic, Tridax, Tribulus.
   
3. 
   Plants of nutraceutical importance – Lemon, Lime, Custard apple, Cashew, Murraya, Carrot, Pumpkin, Beetroot, Lettuce, Spirulina, Agaricus
   
4. 
   Flower remedies – Rose, Jasmine, Tuberose, Pendanus.
   
5. 
   Survey of communities for ethno botanical knowledge.
   
6. 
   Preparation of herbal formulations.
   

Choice based credit system – I semester

BO1-406: Microbiological techniques - Soft core – (Credits - 4) 64 hours

Unit 1 : Introduction, definition and scope, history and development of microbiology. 04h
Unit 2 : Major contributions of Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, A.Flemming, Winogradsky, Willem Beijernick, and Joseph Lister 08h.
Unit 3 : Contribution of any ten Indian Microbiologists to the field of microbiology.

08h
Unit 4 : Techniques in microbiology: Isolation and culture of microorganism-physical requirements for growth, chemical methods, methods of utilizing aerobic bacteria, anaerobes. Pure culture techniques: Culture characteristics, microbial growth, growth measurement, preservation of microbial cultures.

08h
Unit 5 : Nutrition and growth of microorganisms. 08h
Unit 6 : Stain preparation, staining techniques for fungi, bacteria and algae 08h
Unit 7 : Principles of microscopy – Light and Dark field , phase contrast, Florescence microscopes. Principles of SEM and TEM. Material preparation for TEM and SEM. 16h
Unit 8 : Microbial metabolism: Utilization of hexoses- EMP, PP, ED and PK pathways, and TCA cycle. Anapleurotic reactions, Bacterial respiration and fermentation. 12h.

Choice based credit system – I semester

BO1-412: Practicals – Microbial Techniques

1. 
   Instruments – Hot air oven, Laminar air-flow.
   
2. 
   Isolation of microorganism from soil, air, and water by serial dilution method.
   
3. 
   Estimation of organic carbon from the soil.
   
4. 
   Preservation of pure culture.
   
5. 
   Study on bacterial growth.
   
6. 
   Study of soil characteristics.
   
7. 
   Interaction of soil microorganisms.
   
8. 
   Effect of soil concentration on growth of microorganisms.
   
9. 
   Effect of metals on the growth of microorganisms.
   
10. 
    Estimation of soil fertility.
    

II SEMESTER Hard core – 1 (Credits – 5)

Hard Core- 1 Mycology and Microbiology

Paper code: BO2-451 80 hours

Objectives: To acquaint the basic knowledge of microbes; to have knowledge on the techniques involved in their study; to highlight their role in the human welfare.
Unit 1 : Introduction to mycology. Contributions of Indian mycologists. Classification of fungi based on modern approach. Biology, general characteristics and classification of a) Myxomycetes, b) Ascomycotes, c) Basidiomycotes, and d) Deuteromycotes. 12h
Unit 2 : Growth, structure and somatic organization in fungi. Fungal nutrition and physiology. Sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi. Parasexuality and hetero thallism, Fungal spores: spore formation, liberation, dispersal and deposition. Isolation and germination of fungal spores. 12h

Unit 3 : Economic importance of fungi: Man and fungi a) Fungal Metabolites: Toxins, Antibiotics, Enzymes, Acids, Pigments and Growth hormones, b) Edible and poisonous/Mushrooms. - 08h
Unit 4 : Microbiology: Introduction and scope. Identification, characterization and classification of microorganisms. Morphology, structure, ultra structure, and reproduction of bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and protozoa.Bacterial genetics, bacterial recombination, plasmids, and their application in genetic engineering. 08h.

Unit 5 : Microbiological Media: Types, preparation, methods of sterilization; enumeration of microorganisms in soil, water and air; isolation of microorganisms from environment and infected tissue; techniques of pure culture, maintenance and preservation. Staining; stains and dyes, types of staining. Control of microorganisms by physical and chemical methods; antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. 12h.
Unit 6 : Agricultural microbiology: Microorganisms associated with the plant roots, role of bio-fertilizers in agriculture. PGPR, PGPF, Phosphate solubilizing microbes. 04h.
Unit 7 : Microbiology of air: Methods of monitoring and enumeration of spores (Vertical cylinder spore trap, Rotorod air sampler, Anderson sampler, Burkard spore trap, splash samplers, liquid impingers, aero allergens).

08h
Unit 8 : Water and food microbiology: Bacterial examination of potable water. Role of microorganisms in sewage treatment and disposal. Microbial spoilage of food, food preservation and food poisoning. 04h.
Unit 9 : Industrial microbiology: Fermenter, batch fermentation vs continuous fermentation, Industrial production of enzymes (cellulase, amylase and protease), amino acids (glutamic acid and Lysine), and organic acids (lactic acid and citric acid), vaccines, steroids. 08h.
Unit 10 : Microbial interaction; Mutualism, commensalisms, antagonism and parasitism, microbial interaction in mineral recovery. 04h.

Hard core 2 – Practicals

BO2-457: Practical – II: l Mycology and Microbiology

1. 
   Media types, preparation, sterilization and incubation.
   
2. 
   Isolation and culture of fungi.
   
3. 
   Preparation of Stains, staining of mycelia/spores.
   
4. 
   Fruiting bodies of Fungi 1) Acervuli 2) Sporodochia 3) Pycnidia, 4)Synnemata
   
5. 
   Macro fruiting bodies of fungi.
   

1) Agaricus sp. 2) Lycoperdon sp. 3) Geastrum sp. 4) Xylaria SP. 5) Polyporus sp. 6) Ganoderma sp. 7) Dictyophora sp. 8) Peziza sp.

6. 
   Economic importance of fungi
   

1) Alcohol production 2) Mushroom culture

3) Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4) Penicillium sp. 5) Aspergillus niger 6) Rhizopus sp. 7) Trichoderma viride 8) Myrothecium sp.

9) Agaricus sp. 10) Ganoderma sp. 11) Polyporus sp.

7. 
   Observation of VAM from plant roots
   
8. 
   Preparation of non-selective and selective media; enumeration of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes [plate count] from soil and water
   
9. 
   Isolation of pathogenic microorganisms from infected tissue
   
10. 
    Observation of morphological characteristics of mould fungi
    
11. 
    Purification of mixed cultures
    
12. 
    Observation of motility of bacteria [hanging drop technique]
    
13. 
    Staining methods: Preparation of smears for stains, simple staining, negative staining, gram staining, endospore staining.
    
14. 
    Test for coliform bacteria
    
15. 
    Spoilage of milk by microorganisms [methylene blue test]
    
16. 
    Measurement of cell density by Haemocytometer
    
17. 
    Measurement of hypha /spore/conidia/cell size by Micrometry
    

Reference:

1. 
   E.W. Swagnton, an introduction to Field Mycology surbhi pub. (1994) Jaipur.
   
2. 
   Victor H. Dropkin, Introduction to plant nematology second edition 1998. Wiley Interscience publications. London.
   
3. 
   R.S. Singh and K Sitaramaiah, (1994) plant pathogens. The plant parasitic nematodes. Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt ltd., New Delhi.
   
4. 
   K.M. Chandhniwala, Infectious fungi, Anmol Publications, Pvt. Ltd., (1996)
   
5. 
   V.P. Agnihothri, Diseases of sugarcane, Revised edition 1990 oxford and IBH publishing co. pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
   
6. 
   E.J. Butler, Fungi and diseases in plants, Reprinted 1986 international book distributors. New Delhi
   
7. 
   C.J. Alexepoulos and C.W. Mims introductory Mycology 1989. Wiley Eastern Lted., Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi.
   
8. 
   Pelczar,Jr., Chan, B.C.S. and Kreij, N.R. 1993. Microbiology. Mc Graw- Hill Inc. New Delhi.
   
9. 
   Sullia, S. B. and Shantharam, S. 1998. General Microbiology. Crawford and IBH Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
   
10. 
    Prescott. L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein. D.A.1996. Microbiology. WMC Brown Publishers. New Delhi.
    
11. 
    Sharma, P.D. 1995. Microbiology and Plant Pathology. Rastogi and Co., Subash Bazar, Meerut.
    
12. 
    Michael J. Pelczar, J. R., E.C.S. 1993.Chan and Noel R. Krieg. Microbiology.
    
13. 
    Jerome J. Perry And James T. Staley. Microbiology: Dynamics and Diversity, Saunders college publishing, USA, 1997.
    
14. 
    Larry Mckane and Judy Kandel. Microbiology: Essential and Applications, Mc GrawHill Book Company Publication, New York, 1986.
    
15. 
    Edward Alcame. Fundamentals of Microbiology. Benjamin/ Cumming publishing company, Canada, 1997.
    
16. 
    Yanka Gupta, Selected Reading in Microbiology and Genetics, published by prabhat Kumar kumar sharma, for sarup and sons New Delhi, 1998.
    
17. 
    Bruns, T.D., White, T.J. and Taylor, J.W. 1991. Fungal molecular systematics. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 525-64.
    
18. 
    J.H. Burnett and A.P.J. Trinci. (1979). Fungal walls and Hyphal growth. Cambridge University press. Cambridge.
    

II Semester Syllabus

Ecology, environmental pollution and management

Hard core -2 (Credits – 5)

Paper Code BO2-452 80 hours
Unit 1 : Scope of ecology in environmental management. Climatic factors: interaction of ecological factors- light-temp, precipitation, humidity, wind, and atmospheric gases; Fire factor; Edaphic factors-composition of soil- formation of soil, soil profile, soil classification, soil components and properties, soil erosion and conservation. 12h.
Unit 2 : Ecosystem – Structure and function; Energy flow, food chain, tropic levels. Ecological pyramids, charting of ecology; pathway and measurement rate; primary and secondary metabolic activities. 04h
Unit 3 : Biogeochemical cycles : hydrological, gaseous (Carbon and Nitrogen) & sedimentary cycles, nutrient budget with reference to nitrogen, and carbon sequestration, climate change protocol, global warming issues. Ecological succession: models, trends and causes; time factor and stability. 08h
Unit 4 : Population ecology: attributes, density and distribution, natality, mortality, age distribution, population growth, growth rate composition, Hardy Weinberg law. 08h.
Unit 5 : Major ecosystems of the world : pond , river, marine, deserts, tundra and forest, productivity of different ecosystems: grassland, forest, shola, savanna, thar, Chillka lake, Western and east Himalaya, Western Ghats. Ganga action plan. 08h
Unit 6 : Water pollution: classification, chemical properties of water-effects of water pollution, indicators of water pollution, management and control measures., environmental pollution, pollution of water bodies, eutrophication, toxicity, microbes and pollution, indicators of pollution and control measures. 08h.
Unit 7 : Air pollution: classification and properties of air pollutants, effects of air pollution (health, vegetation and material damage), pollutant measurement, and management and control measures. Solid waste: introduction characteristics features, classification and disposal, Greenhouse effect, smog, CFC, ozone depletion, Elnino and Lanino effect, acid rain, thermal, noise, radioactive pollution and management.

08h
Unit 8 : Hazardous waste management characteristics and types souses of generation, composition, hazardous waste; Soil pollution and indicators of soil pollution. Microbial degradation, and biotransformation, pesticide pollution and degradation. 08h
Unit 9 : Remote sensing and GIS: Basic and fundamental concepts of remote sensing. 08h
Unit 10 : Environmental Impact Assessment: Introduction, process and methods of impact analysis. International biological program, UNESCO, MAB. UNEP. 08h