Gender Disparity: Its Manifestations, Causes and Implications

Participation Rate in Urban Districts of India in 2001

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Participation Rate in Urban Districts of India in 2001

Independent	Regression Combinations
Varibles
	I	II
Intercept	9.90 (16.33)	5.98 (5.31)
MPCEU1		0.01 (2.78)
GGIU1	-0.02 (-0.19)
HCRU1	0.04 (3.13)	0.05 (3.57)
HHIWFU1		0.20 (3.88)
CHRISFU1	0.14 (3.53)	0.14 (4.00)
Adjusted R²	0.12	0.25
F-value	6.95 (3,122)	11.35 (4,121)
p of estimate	0.00	0.00

Table 11(a): Factors Determining Sex Ratio(all age) in Rural Districts
	of India in Pooled data of 1991& 2001
Independent	Regression Combinations
Varibles
	I	II	III
Intercept	958.69 (44.63)	923.33 (100.30)	923.35 (100.75)
TPMR		0.01 (-20.66)	0.01 (-20.87)
TPFR		0.01 (21.21)	0.01 (21.47)
LRMR	-3.49 (-6.57)
LRFR	4.42 (11.36)	0.42 (3.20)	0.42 (3.43)
MWFR		0.87 (3.46)	0.87 (3.47)
AGLFR	1.4 (8.68)	0.35 (3.48)	0.35 (3.50)
TD	-5.75 (-0.94)	0.15 (0.04)
REDUMYR	-37.05 (-5.78)	-23.47 (-5.99)	-23.51 (-6.21)
Adjusted R²	0.54	0.84	0.84
F-value	46.639 (5,189)	149.22 (7,187)	175.02 (6,188)
p of estimate	0.00	0.00	0.00

Table 11(b): Factors Determining Gross
Gender Inequality Index in Rural Districts
of India in Pooled data of 1991& 2001
Independent	Regression
Varibles	Combination
	I
Intercept	-1.64 (-1.93)
LRMR	0.10 (4.97)
LRFR	-0.12 (-7.81)
TD	-0.48 (-1.95)
REDUMYR	1.57 (6.21)
Adjusted R²	0.35
F-value	27.300 (4,190
p of estimate	0.00

Table 11(c): Factors Determining Sex Ratio(all age) in Urban Districts
	of India in Pooled data of 1991& 2001
Independent	Regression Combinations
Varibles	I	II*	III
Intercept	915.97 (92.31)	734.97 (20.28)	541.57 (13.70)
TPMU	0.01 (10.87)
TPFU	0.01 (11.04)
LRFU		2.09 (3.73)	4.88 (7.95)
MPCEU	-0.03 (-2.53)
MWFU		5.63 (3.09)	4.50 (1.96)
TD	43.04 (5.04)	18.68 (1.90)
REDUMYU		-30.83 (-2.79)	-49.38 (-3.58)
GGIU	3.91 (4.05)	5.47 (4.89)
Adjusted R²	0.46	0.26	0.33
F-value	34.50 (5,188)	14.24 (5,188)	32.29 (3,191)
p of estimate	0.00	0.00	0.00

Table 12: Descriptive Statistics of Gender Indicators across Thai Regions
Indicators	Valid N	Mean	Minimum	Maximum	Std.Dev.	CV
SXR01	75	1011.45	931.07	1087.94	30.35	0.03
LEBF01	75	76.17	67.70	82.70	3.36	0.04
YSM01	75	7.13	4.90	10.60	0.74	0.10
YSF01	75	6.55	4.00	9.90	0.77	0.12
FWP01	75	50.08	47.16	53.22	1.29	0.03
EMPF01	75	44.32	34.76	49.28	2.34	0.05
PCI2001	75	2896.65	1274.00	7395.00	1148.87	0.40
PCCE01	75	2160.45	1151.00	4817.00	695.19	0.32

Table 13: Correlation Matrix of Thai Gender Indicators for 2001
Indicators	LEBM01	YSM01	YSF01	FWP01	EMPF01	PCI01	PCCE01
YSM01	0.18
YSF01	0.16	0.95
FWP01	-0.04	0.34	0.25
EMPF01	-0.19	0.12	0.05	0.76
PCI01	-0.03	0.75	0.69	0.48	0.35
PCCE01	-0.01	0.76	0.71	0.38	0.23	0.95
SXR01	-0.19	0.44	0.40	0.80	0.65	0.59	0.53

Table 14: Spearman Rank Order Correlations of Gender Indicators across Thai Provinces

Sr. No.	SRC Between		Valid N		Spearman RC		t(N-2)		p-level
1	RSXR01 & RFWP01		75		0.74		9.4		0
2	RSXR01 & REMPF01		75		0.63		6.92		0
3	RSXR01 & RPCI01		75		0.51		4.91		0
4	RYSM01 & RPCI01		75		0.55		5.62		0
5	RYSM01 & RPCCE01		75		0.61		6.58		0
	Note: 'R' as a prefix stands for rank of the provinces.
Table 15: Factors Determining Sex Ratio all age in Thailand (2001)
Independent		Regression Combinations
Variables		I		II		III		IV
Intercpt		418.60(4.55)		359.63(4.06)		395.82(4.16)		389.41(4.21)
LEBF01		-2.24(-4.15)		-2.13(-3.92)		-2.25(-4.02)		-2.39(-4.43)
FWP01		14.74(9.34)		15.76(10.43)		13.89(6.04)		14.99(9.58)
PCI01		0.01(4.89)				0.01(2.53)		0.01(2.66)
PCCE01				0.01(4.67)
YSM01						-5.76(-0.66)
YSF01						10.73(1.42)		14.99(1.72)
EMPF01						0.99(0.81)
Adjusted R²		0.75		0.74		0.75		0.75
F-value		73.83 (3, 71)		71.69(3,71)		38.18(6,68)		57.65(4,70)
p of estimate		0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Note: Correlations between FWP01 & SXR01 and YSF01 & PCI01 are high.

APPENDIX ON : GENDER VARIABLE CODE LIST (RURAL) -2001

1	TPMR1	total population		male	rural		2001
2	TPFR1	total population		female	rural		2001
3	SX0_6R1	sex ratio for 0-6 age group			rural		2001
4	SXAR1	sex ratio for all age group			rural		2001
5	LRMR1	literacy rate		male	rural		2001
6	LRFR1	literacy rate		female	rural		2001
7	SEMR1	school enrolment		male	rural		2001
8	SEFR1	school enrolment		female	rural		2001
9	MWMR1	% of main workers to total population		male	rural		2001
10	MWFR1	% of main workers to total population		female	rural		2001
11	AGLMR1	% of agricultural labourers to total workers		male	rural		2001
12	AGLFR1	% of agricultural labourers to total workers		female	rural		2001
13	CULTMR1	% of cultivators to total workers		male	rural		2001
14	CULTFR1	% of cultivators to total workers		female	rural		2001
15	NAGWMR1	% of workers in non agricultural sector to total workers		male	rural		2001
16	NAGWFR1	% of workers in non agricultural sector to total workers		female	rural		2001
17	HHIWMR1	% of household industry workers to total workers		male	rural		2001
18	HHIWFR1	% of household industry workers to total workers		female	rural		2001
19	MARWMR1	% of marginal workers to total population		male	rural		2001
20	MARWFR1	% of marginal workers to total population		female	rural		2001
21	OTHWMR1	% of other workers to total workers		male	rural		2001
22	OTHWFR1	% of other workers to total workers		female	rural		2001
23	WPRMR1	work participation rate		male	rural		2001
24	WPRFR1	work participation rate		female	rural		2001
25	HINDUMR1	% of hindu population		male	rural		2001
26	HINDUFRI	% of hindu population		female	rural		2001
27	MUSLMR1	% of muslim population		male	rural		2001
28	MUSLFR1	% of muslim population		female	rural		2001
29	CHRISMR1	% of christian population		male	rural		2001
30	CHRISFR1	% of christian population		female	rural		2001
31	SIKHMR1	% of sikh population		male	rural		2001
32	SIKHFR1	% of sikh population		female	rural		2001
33	BUDHMR1	% of buddhist population		male	rural		2001
34	BUDHFR1	% of buddhist population		female	rural		2001
35	JAINMR1	% of jain population		male	rural		2001
36	JAINFR1	% of jain population		female	rural		2001
37	OTHREMR1	% of other religious population		male	rural		2001
38	OTHREFR1	% of other religious population		female	rural		2001
39	MPCER1	MPCE			rural		2001
40	HCRR1	HCR			rural		2001
41	LRSR1	LRS			rural		2001
42	RAWMR1	real agricultural wage		male	rural		2001
43	RAWFR1	real agricultural wage		female	rural		2001
44	GAWM9T1	growth of agricultural wage		male	from '91-2001
45	GAWF9T1	growth of agricultural wage		female	from '91-2001
Note: GGI includes 22 variables, 3 (SX0-6R1) to 24 (WPRFR1), 42 (RAWMR1) & 43 (RAWFR1
	except 19 and 20.


APPENDIX ON : GENDER VARIABLE CODE LIST (URBAN) -2001

1	TPMU1	total population	male			urban		2001
2	TPFU1	total population	female			urban		2001
3	SX0_6U1	sex ratio for 0-6 age group				urban		2001
4	SXAU1	sex ratio for all age group				urban		2001
5	LRMU1	literacy rate	male			urban		2001
6	LRFU1	literacy rate	female			urban		2001
7	SEMU1	school enrolment	male			urban		2001
8	SEFU1	school enrolment	female			urban		2001
9	MWMU1	% of main workers to total population	male			urban		2001
10	MWFU1	% of main workers to total population	female			urban		2001
11	AGLMU1	% of agricultural labourers to total workers	male			urban		2001
12	AGLFU1	% of agricultural labourers to total workers	female			urban		2001
13	CULTMU1	% of cultivators to total workers	male			urban		2001
14	CULTFU1	% of cultivators to total workers	female			urban		2001
15	NAGWMU1	% of workers in non agricultural sector to total workers	male			urban		2001
16	NAGWFU1	% of workers in non agricultural sector to total workers	female			urban		2001
17	HHIWMU1	% of household industry workers to total workers	male			urban		2001
18	HHIWFU1	% of household industry workers to total workers	female			urban		2001
19	MARWMU1	% of marginal workers to total population	male			urban		2001
20	MARWFU1	% of marginal workers to total population	female			urban		2001
21	OTHWMU1	% of other workers to total workers	male			urban		2001
22	OTHWFU1	% of other workers to total workers	female			urban		2001
23	WPRMU1	work participation rate	male			urban		2001
24	WPRFU1	work participation rate	female			urban		2001
25	HINDUMU1	% of hindu population	male			urban		2001
26	HINDUFUI	% of hindu population	female			urban		2001
27	MUSLMU1	% of muslim population	male			urban		2001
28	MUSLFU1	% of muslim population	female			urban		2001
29	CHRISMU1	% of christian population	male			urban		2001
30	CHRISFU1	% of christian population	female			urban		2001
31	SIKHMU1	% of sikh population	male			urban		2001
32	SIKHFU1	% of sikh population	female			urban		2001
33	BUDHMU1	% of buddhist population	male			urban		2001
34	BUDHFU1	% of buddhist population	female			urban		2001
35	JAINMU1	% of jain population	male			urban		2001
36	JAINFU1	% of jain population	female			urban		2001
37	OTHREMU1	% of other religious population	male			urban		2001
38	OTHREFU1	% of other religious population	female			urban		2001
39	MPCEU1	MPCE				urban		2001
40	HCRU1	HCR				urban		2001
41	LRSU1	LRS				urban		2001

Note: GGI includes 22 variables, 3 (SX0-6R1) to 24 (WPRFR1), 42 (RAWMR1) & 43 (RAWFR1
	except 19 and 20.

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