General Principles

Pilots may have to visually judge the glide slope without any cues other than those from the surface of the world.

• Pilots may have to visually judge the glide slope without any cues other than those from the surface of the world.

• The ‘aspect’ (retinal shape) of the runway is not very useful.

• However, the visual touchdown point is a constant and unchanging cue, relative to the horizon.

• If the horizon cannot be seen, its location must be implied,

• The runway’s sides meet at the horizon.
• The terrain’s texture gradients.
• The relative position of the aircraft’s canopy.

Identification of a colliding aircraft is confounded by;

•