4.2 Biological monitoring of exposure
4.2.1 Objectives
Biological monitoring of exposure can be divided into two types of testing:
(a) Biological monitoring: Measures the bio-chemical concentrations of HCSs and/or their metabolites in biological samples of exposed individuals, e.g. blood lead for inorganic lead exposure, or urinary arsenic for inorganic arsenic exposure. The aim is to measure the degree of absorption into the body by measuring indicators in representative biological samples, typically urine or blood (usually nor related to the target organ).
(b) Biological effect monitoring: Determines the intensity of biochemical or physiological change due to exposure, e.g. red cell cholinesterase for exposure to organosphosphate pesticides, or zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) for exposure to inorganic lead.
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