| 4.3.2 Types of examination
(a) The number of validated screening tests with regard to HCSs is smaller than in general preventive medicine, but is likely to grow in the future. Examples of subclinical tests include urinary cytology for bladder cancer among workers exposed to potential bladder carcinogens, or full blood counts for employees exposed to an HCS toxic for the bloodforming organs.
(b) Medical surveillance may include simple clinical examination, such as examination of the skin of employees exposed to contact irritants or allergens, or of the nasal septum of employees exposed to chromates.
(c) Chest X-rays for silicosis are an example of screening for irreversible (although potentially progressive) disease. Lung function testing is well established as a non-specific test for the possible effect of respiratory irritants, sensitisers and fibrogenic agents.
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