Hebrew language for readers of english

אִיקְס, אִיכְּס fw 1 m.n. X — name of a letter in the Latin alphabet, whence it was taken over into most other languages. 2 adj. unknown quantity (algebra). 3 adj. certain name or place.

איר to illustrate. [Coined from אור (= to give light), on the analogy of אִילוּסְטְרַצֽיָה (= illustration), from L. illūstrāre (= to make light).] — Pi. אִיֵּר tr. v. nh he illustrated. — Pu. אֻיֵּר nh was illustrated. Derivatives: אִיּוּר, אַיָּר, מְאַיֵּר.

אַיָּר m.n. nh illustrator. [Nomen opificis coined from איר.]

אִיָּר m.n. pbh ‘Iyar’, name of the second month of the Jewish year. [A loan word from Akka. aaru.]

אִירֶדֶנְטָה f.n. fw irredenta. [It. irredenta (= unredeemed), from in- (= not) and redenta (= redeemed), from L. redempta, f. of redemptus, p. part. of redimere (= to redeem), from re(d)- (= back), and emere (= to take, buy), which derives from ie base ^*em- (= to take, buy). cp. ‘exempt’ in my cedel and words there referred to.]

אֵירוֹבָּטִיקָה f.n. fw aerobatics. [Eng. aerobatics, coined on the analogy of aerobatics from Gk. aer (= air), and the stem of bainein (= to go). See אֲוִיר and אַקְרוֹבָּט.]

אִירוֹנִי adj. fw ironical. [Back formation from אִירוֹנְיָה.]

אִירוֹנְיָה f.n. fw irony. [L. īrōnīa, from Gk. eironeia (= irony), from eiron (= dissembler), from eiro (= I say, speak), which is related to rhetor (= public speaker, orator; rhetor), and cogn. with L. verbum (= word). See ‘word’ in my cedel and cp. ‘rhetor’ and ‘verb’ ibid.]

אִירוֹס^I m.n. pbh iris (name of a plant). [Gk. Iris, the goddess of the rainbow in Greek mythology, properly personification

[[pg-26]]of iris (= rainbow; lit.: ‘something bent or curved’), from ie base ^*wei- (= to bend, twist). See ‘withy’ in my cedel and cp. ‘orris’ (the Florentine iris) ibid. cp. also אִירִידְיוּם.]

אִירֹוס^II m.n. pbh name of a musical instrument; perhaps a kind of drum. [Of uncertain origin. According to Dalman it derives from Gk. aulos (= flute).]

אֵירוֹפָּה f.n. fw Europe. [Gk. Europe (whence L. Eurōpa which is prob. of Sem. origin). cp. Akka. ’erēbu (= to enter, go in; to go down, set — said of the sun), ’erēb shamshi (= sunset), from the Sem. stem ערב (= to set — said of the sun). Accordingly Europe orig. meant ‘the Region of the Setting Sun’. cp. Hesychius who renders Europe with the words chora tes duseos (= the Land of the Setting Sun). cp. also Erbos (= place of nether darkness), which derives from Heb. עֶרֶב. The form Europe (as if the name meant ‘broad face’), is due to the natural tendency of the Greeks to grecize words foreign to their language. For the sense development of Gk. Europe from a Sem. word meaning ‘sunset, evening’, cp. אַסֽיָה.] Derivative: אֵירוֹפִּי. cp. the first element in אֵירַסְיָה.

אֵירוֹפִּי adj. fw European. [Back formation from אֵירוֹפָּה. For the ending see suff. □ִי.] Derivative: אֵירוֹפִּיּוּת.

אֵירוֹפִּיּוּת f.n. fw Europeanism. [Formed from אֵירוֹפִּי with suff. □וּת.]

אִירִידְיוּם m.n. fw iridium (chemistry). [Modern L. iridium, coined by its discoverer, the English chemist Smithson Tennant (1761–1815), from Gk. iris (= rainbow; see אִירוֹס^I), and L. suff. -ium; so called by him in allusion to the varying color of its compounds.]

אֵירַסְיָה f.n. fw Eurasia (i.e. Europe and Asia taken together). [Coined from the abbreviation of אֵירוֹפָּה and אַסְיָה.]

אִירַצְיוֹנָלִי adj. fw irrational. [L. iratiōnālis (= without reason, irrational), from in- (= not) and ratiōnālis (= reasonable, rational). See רַצְיוֹנָלִי.] Derivative: אִירַצֽיוֹנָלִיּוּת.

אִירַצְיוֹנָלִיּוּת f.n. fw irrationality. [Formed from אִירַצְיוֹנָלִי with suff. □וּת.]

אִישׁ m.n. (pl. אֲנָשִׁים, also אִישִׁים), 1 man. 2 husband. 3 masculine. 4 hero. 5 everyone, each one, anyone, anybody. [Moabite, Phoen. אש. Of uncertain etymology.] Derivatives: אישׁ, אִישׁוֹן^I, אִישׁוֹן^II, אִישׁוּת, אִישִׁי.

אישׁ to man. [Denominated from אישׁ.] — Pi. אִיֵשׁ tr. v. nh he manned. — Pu. אֻיַּשׁ nh was manned. Derivatives: אִיּוּשׁ, מֽאֻיָּשׁ.

אֵישֶׁהוּ adv. nh somewhere. [Coined by Yizhak Avineri from אֵי□ (= some), שֶׁ□ (= that, which), and הוּא (= he, it).]

אִישׁוֹן^I m.n. 1 pupil of the eye, eyeball. 2 middle. [Prob. dimin. of אִישׁ (= man), hence אִישׁוֹן עַיִן, lit. means ‘little man in the eye’, and derivatively identical with אִישׁוֹן^II. cp. Arab. insān-al-ayn (= pupil of the eye; lit.: ‘man of the eye’). For the meaning of ‘middle’ cp. Arab. bū’bū (= pupil of the eye, middle, kernel).]

אִישׁוֹן^II m.n. a small man. [Formed from אִישׁ with dimin. suff. □וֹן. cp. אִישׁוֹן^I.]

אִישׁוּת f.n. pbh matrimony, marital status. [Formed from אִישׁ with suff. □וּת.]

אִישִׁי adj. mh personal, private. [Formed from אִישׁ with suff. □ִי.] Derivative: אִישִׁיּוּת.

אִישִׁיּוּת f.n. (pl. אִישֻׁיּוֹת, also אִישִׁים) 1 mh individuality. 2 nh personality. [Formed from אִישִׁי with suff. □וּת.]

אִישִׁית adv. nh personally. [Formed from אִישׁ with adv. suff. □ִית.]

אֵישָׁם, אֵי־שָׁם adv. nh somewhere. [Coined from אֵי□ (= some) and שָׁם (= there).]

אַיְשַׁר interj. well done! [Aram., from אשׁר (= to be strong).]

אית to spell a word. [Denominated from אוֹת (= letter).] — Pi. אִיֵּת tr. v. nh he spelled (a word). — Pu. אֻיַּת nh was spelled. Derivative: אִיּוּת.

אִיתוֹן m.n. entrance (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ezek. 40:15). [Formed from אתה (= to come), with suff. □וֹן.]

אֵיתָן adj. 1 strong, firm, steadfast, stable. 2 nh an ever-flowing (wady). [According to Barth derives from יתן.] Derivatives: אֵיתָנוּת, אֵיתָנִי, אתן, אַתָּן.

אֵיתָ״ן mh the letters ן, ת, י, א, which serve as preformatives of the Heb. verb in the imperfect.

אֵיתָנוּת f.n. nh strength, firmness, stability. [Formed from אֵיתָן with suff. □וּת.]

אֵיתָנִי adj. nh strong, firm, stable. [Formed from אֵיתָן with suff. □ִי.]

אַךְ adv. 1 surely, truly. 2 but, only, however. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps derived from the same demonstrative base which appears also in the words כֹּי, כִּי and כֵּן.]

אֵכָּא see אִיכָּא.

אַכַּד f.n. Accad. [Babylonian-Assyrian Akkad (= 1 name of a city in Northern Babylonia; 2 name of a district in, or the land of, Babylonia). The Septuagint renders אַכַּד by ‘Archad’; cp. דַּרֽמֶשֶׂק, a secondary form of דַּמֶּשֶׂק.] Derivative: אַכַּדִּי.

אַכַּדִּי adj. nh Accadian. [Formed from אַכַּד with suff. □ִי.]

אַכַּדִּית f.n. nh the Accadian language. [Subst. use of the f. of אַכַּדִּי.]

אִכּוּל m.n. pbh digestion, consumption, corrosion. [Verbal n. of אִכֵּל, Pi. of אכל.]

אִכּוּן m.n. nh locating, location. [Verbal n. of אִכֵּן, Pi. of אכן.]

אַכְוָן m.n. nh marshaler (military). [Coined from כִּוֵּן (= he aimed, directed), Pi. of כון^I.]

אִכּוּף m.n. mh saddling. [Verbal n. of אִכֵּף, Pi. of אכף^I.]

אַכְזָב adj. nh deceptive, disappointing, failing (said of a stream that dries up in summer). [Elative formed from כזב. cp. אֵיתָן, which is also an elative (formed from יתן). cp. אַכְזָבָה.]

אכזב to disappoint. [Back formation from אכזבה.] — Pi. אִכְזֵב tr. v. nh he disappointed, frustrated. — Pu. אֻכֽזַב nh was disappointed, was frustrated. — Hith. הִתְאַכְזֵב nh (of s.m.). Derivatives: אִכְזוּב, הִתְאַכְזְבוּת, מְאֻכְזָב.

אַכְזָבָה f.n. mh disappointment, disillusionment. [A secondary form of הַכְזָבָה. For the force of nouns of the form אַפְעָלָה in nh see אַבְחָנָה and cp. words there referred to.] Derivative: אכזב.

אִכְזוּב m.n. nh disappointing, causing disappointment. [Verbal n. of אִכְזֵב. See אכזב.]

אַכְזָר adj. cruel, merciless, fierce, terrible. [Elative formed from כזר.] Derivatives: אכזר, אַכְזָרוּת, אַכֽזָרִי.

אכזר to make cruel, brutalize. [Denominated from אַכֽזָר.] — Pi. אִכְזֵר tr. v. mh he made cruel, brutalized. — Hith. הִתְאַכֽזֵר pbh he behaved cruelly, was cruel).] Derivative: הִתֽאַכְזֽרוּת.

אַכְזָרוּת f.n. nh cruelty, heartlessness. [Formed from אַכְזָר with suff. □וּת. cp. אַכֽזְרִיּוּת.]

אַכְזָרִי adj. cruel, heartless, fierce, terrible. [Formed from אַכֽזָר with suff. □ִי.]

אַכְזְרִיּוּת f.n. cruelty, heartlessness (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Pr. 27:4). [Formed from אַכְזָרִי with suff. □וּת. cp. אַכְזָרוּת.]

אָכָטִיס, אָכָט m.n. fw agate. [From Gk. achates, which is of uncertain origin. The name of the river Achates is in Sicily, as well as the name of the faithful friend of Aeneas, prob. derived from Gk. achates.]

אָכִיל adj. nh edible, eatable. [Coined from אכל (= to eat), according to the pattern פָּעִיל, which is used in nh to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.] Derivative: אֲכִילוּת.

אֲכִילָה f.n. eating. [Verbal n. of אָכַל. See אכל and first suff. □ָה.]

אֲכִילוּת f.n. nh edibility, eatability.

[[pg-27]]אָכִיף adj. nh enforceable. [Coined from אכף (= to force, enforce), according to the pattern פָּעִיל which is used in nh to form adjectives denoting capability or fitness.] Derivative: אֲכִיפוּת.

אֲכִיפָה f.n. nh enforcement. [Verbal n. of אָכַף. See אכף^I and first suff. □ָה.]

אֲכִיפוּת f.n. nh enforceability. [Formed from אָכִיף with suff. □וּת.]

אכל to eat. [Aram.-Syr. אֲכַל, Arab. ’ákala (= he ate), Ugar. ’kl, Akka. akālu (= to eat).] — Qal אָכַל tr. v. he ate, devoured, consumed, destroyed. — Niph. נֶאֱכַל was eaten, was devoured, was consumed. — Pi. אִכֵּל mh he digested, consumed, burned. — Pu. אֻכַּל was digested, was consumed, was burnt. — Hith. הִתְאַכֵּל pbh was digested, was consumed. — Hiph. הֶאֱכִיל he caused to eat, gave to eat, fed, nourished; he caused to devour. — Hoph. הָאֳכַל nh was fed, was nourished. Derivatives: אוֹכִיל, אֹכֶל, אָכְלָה, אַכְלָן, אַכֶּלֶת, אָכוּל, אִכּוּל, אָכִיל, אֲכִילָה, הַאֲכָלָה, הִתֽאַכְּלוּת, מַאֲכָל, מְאֻכָּל, מַאֲכֶלֶת, מַאֲכֹלֶת, מַכֹּלֶת.

אֹֽכֶל m.n. food, meal. [From אכל. cp. Aram.-Syr. אוּכֽלָא, Ugar. ’kl, Arab. ’akl, Ethiop. ’ekl, Akka. akalu (= food).]

אָכְלָה f.n. eating, food. [Properly inf. of אָכַל (= he ate); see אבל. cp. אַהֲבָה and words there referred to.]

אִכְלוּס m.n. nh populating. [Verbal n. of אִכֽלֵס. See אכלס.]

אֻכְלוּסִיָּה f.n. nh population. [Formed from אֻכֽלוּסִים with suff. □ִיָּה.]

אֻכְלוּסִים m.n. pl. 1 pbh crowd. 2 nh population. [Formed from Gk. ochlos (= crowd, mob, multitude, populace), which is of uncertain origin. It is perhaps related to ochein (= to carry), and cogn. with L. vehere (= to carry, convey). See ‘vehicle’ and ‘weigh’ in my cedel and cp. ‘ochlocracy’ ibid.] Derivatives: אכלס, אֻכְלוּסִיָּה.

אַכְלָן m.n. mh eater, glutton. [Formed from אכל with agential suff. □ָן.] Derivative: אַכְלָנוּת.

אַכְלָנוּת f.n. nh gluttony. [Formed from אַכֽלָן with suff. □וּת.]

אכלס to populate. [Denominated from אֻכְלוּסִים.] — Pi. אִכְלֵס tr. v. nh he populated. — Pu. אֻכְלַס nh was populated. — Hith. הִתְאַכְלֵס nh was populated. Derivatives: אִכְלוּס, הִתְאַכְלְסוּת, מְאֻכְלָס.

אַכֶּֽלֶת f.n. nh consumption, tuberculosis (disease). [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from אֲכַל (= ate, consumed), according to the pattern פַּעֶלֶת serving to form names of diseases. See אַדֶּמֶת and cp. words there referred to.]

אכם to become black. [Borrowed from Aram. אוּכָּמָה (= black), which is of unknown origin.] — Nith. נִתְאַכֵּם pbh he became black or brown. Derivatives: אָכֹם, אֻכְמָנִית.

אָכֹם adj. nh black, brown. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) through back formation from נִתְאַכֵּם (= he became black). See אֻכְמָנִית.]

אֻכְמָנִית f.n. nh blackberry. [Coined from Aram. אוּכָּמָא (= black) and suff. □ָנִית.]

אָכֵן adv. 1 surely, truly, indeed. 2 but. [Prob. formed from demonstrative pref. אָ□ and כֵּן^II (= so).]

אכן to locate. [Formed from אֵיכָן (= where).] — Pi. אִכֵּן tr. v. nh he located. — Pu. אֻכַּן nh was located. Derivatives: אִכּוּן, מְאֻכָּן.

אֶכְּסְ□ see אֶקֽסֽ□.

אַכְסַדְרָה f.n. (pl. אַכֽסַדְרָאוֹת) corridor, porch. [Gk. exedra (= a covered walk before the house, furnished with seats; seat, bench), from ex (= out of), and edra (= seat), which derives from ie base ^*sed- (= to sit). cp. the second element in סַנְהֶדְרִין.]

אִכְסוּן m.n. nh entertainment of a guest (in one’s house), hospitality. [Verbal n. of אִכְסֵן. See אכסן.]

אכסן to receive a guest, hospitalize. [Back formation from אַכְסְנַאי.] — Pi. אִכְסֵן tr. v. pbh he received a guest. — Nith. נִתֽאַכֽסֵן pbh he was received (as a guest). Derivative: אִכְסוּן.

אַכְסְנַאי m.n. pbh 1 guest. 2 host. [Formed from Gk. xenos (= stranger, guest) with prosthetic א□ and suff. □ִי. Gk. xenos is of uncertain origin. It is perhaps cogn. with L. hostis (= stranger, enemy); see ‘host’ and ‘landlord’ in my cedel.]

אַכְסַנְיָא, אַכְסַנְיָה f.n. 1 hospitality. 2 lodging. 3 a gathering of scholars. [Gk. xenia (= hospitality), from xenos. See אַכְסְנַאי and cp. ‘xenia’ in my cedel.]

אכסר to measure approximately. [Back formation from אַכְסֽרָה.] — Pi. אִכֽסֵר tr. v. nh he measured approximately.

אַכְסְרָה adv. pbh in the lump, as a whole, approximately. [A loan word from Gk. enschero (= in a row), which is formed from en (= in) and scheros (= row, line), from schein (= to have, hold, possess). See סְכֵימָה.] Derivative: אכסר.