History exemplar of school based

*Refer to CAPS document, p.45.

Educators must confirm with their Curriculum Advisor at the start of 2014 which case study will be examined in the final examination.
** In Topic 3 learners should NOT answer an essay question and a source-based question on the same case study.

(ie If they write an essay on the Civil Rights Movement their Source-based question must be written on the Black Power Movement and vice versa.)

3.1 TASK 1: SOURCE-BASED OR ESSAY QUESTION

This section contains one example of a source-based question and marking guideline for a topic which may be covered in Term 1:

• 
  Topic 1: The Cold War (USSR and USA and the creation of spheres of interest)
  

and
One example of an essay question and marking guideline for a topic which may be covered in Term 1:

• 
  Topic 1: The Cold War (Case Study: Vietnam)
  

3.1.1 SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS AND MARKING GUIDELINE
TOPIC 1: THE COLD WAR
WHAT WERE THE DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO THE EXPANSION OF COMMUNIST INFLUENCE IN EASTERN EUROPE AFTER 1945?
1.1 Refer to Source 1A.
1.1.1 According to Churchill in Source 1A, which country was the most

powerful in the world at the end of World War II in 1945? (1 x 1) (1)

1.1.2 What information in Source 1A helps explain why Winston

Churchill felt ‘strong admiration’ and ‘regard’ for the Russian

People? (1 x 2) (2)
1.1.3 Explain what Churchill meant by the term ‘iron curtain’ in the

context of post-war Europe. (2 x 2) (4)

1.1.4 Why did Churchill believe that the ‘iron curtain’ in Europe was a

threat to world peace? (2 x 2) (4)

1.1.5 What, according to Churchill, did the Soviet Union want to achieve

through their foreign policy after World War II? (2 x 1) (2)

1.2 Consult Source 1B.
1.2.1 In your own words, explain the comparison which Stalin makes in

Source 1B between Hitler’s and Churchill’s ‘racial theory’. (1 x 3) (3)

1.2.2 Select TWO pieces of information from Source 1B which help explain

why Churchill says that the British people felt ‘deep sympathy’ for the

Russian people at the end of World War II. (2 x 1) (2)
1.2.3 How did Stalin use the loss of Soviet lives in World War II to

justify Soviet expansion of their sphere of influence into Eastern

Europe? (1 x 3) (3)
1.2.4 Give any TWO reasons why, according to Stalin, the influence of

Communism had grown in Eastern Europe during the war years. (2 x 2) (4)

1.3 Study Sources 1A and 1B.
1.3.1 Write a paragraph of about 60 words in which you explain why a historian would find it useful to study both Sources 1A and 1B when researching the expansion of communist influence in Eastern Europe after 1945. (6)

1.4 Read Source 1C.

1.4.1 What was Truman’s opinion of the expansion of communist influence

in countries such as Poland, Rumania and Bulgaria? (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.2 Which political system is being described in the highlighted section

of Source 1C? (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.3 Extract THREE characteristics of a totalitarian state which are identified

in Source 1C. (3 x 1) (3)

1.5 Consult Sources 1B and 1C.
1.5.1 Contrast Truman’s explanation for the expansion of communist

influence in east Europe (Source 1C) with Stalin’s explanation of

the same process (Source 1B). (2 x 2) (4)
1.6 Study Source 1D.
1.6.1 Write a paragraph of about 60 words (6 lines) in which you discuss

whether the cartoon in Source 1D provides a reliable explanation

for the expansion of communist influence in Eastern Europe after

World War II? (6)

[50]
WHAT WERE THE DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO THE SOVIET’S EXPANSION OF THEIR SPHERE OF INFLUENCE INTO EASTERN EUROPE AFTER 1945?
SOURCE 1A

This is an extract from the speech given by Winston Churchill (wartime British Prime Minister) at Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri, USA on 5 March 1946. This was the first time the phrase ‘Iron Curtain’ had been used to describe the division in Europe between Western powers and the area controlled by the Soviet Union.

The United States stands at this time at the pinnacle [top] of world power. It is a solemn moment for the American democracy…It is necessary that constancy of mind, persistency of purpose, and the grand simplicity of decision shall rule and guide the conduct of the English-speaking peoples in peace as they did in war. We must, and I believe we shall, prove ourselves equal to this severe requirement.
I have a strong admiration and regard for the valiant Russian people and for my wartime comrade, Marshal Stalin. There is deep sympathy and goodwill in Britain … toward the peoples of all the Russias and a resolve to persevere through many differences and rebuffs in establishing lasting friendships. It is my duty, however, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow. The safety of the world, ladies and gentlemen, requires a unity in Europe, from which no nation should be permanently outcast. It is from the quarrels of the strong parent races in Europe that the world wars we have witnessed, or which occurred in former times, have sprung…
I do not believe that Soviet Russia desires war. What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines. But what we have to consider here today while time remains, is the permanent prevention of war and the establishment of conditions of freedom and democracy as rapidly as possible in all countries…
[From: Internet site: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/churchill-iron.asp Accessed 10 September 2013]
SOURCE 1B

This is an extract from ‘Stalin's Reply to Churchill’, (taken from an interview with the official Soviet newspaper Pravda), published in The New York Times on March 14, 1946.

The German racial theory brought Hitler and his friends to the conclusion that the Germans, as the only fully valuable nation, must rule over other nations. The English racial theory brings Mr. Churchill and his friends to the conclusion that nations speaking the English language, being the only fully valuable nations, should rule over the remaining nations of the world....
As a result of the German invasion, the Soviet Union has irrevocably lost in battles with the Germans, and also during the German occupation and through the expulsion of Soviet citizens to German slave labour camps, about 7,000,000 people. In other words, the Soviet Union has lost in men several times more than Britain and the United States together.
It may be that some quarters are trying to push into oblivion these sacrifices of the Soviet people which insured the liberation of Europe from the Hitlerite yoke.

But the Soviet Union cannot forget them. One can ask therefore, what can be surprising in the fact that the Soviet Union, in a desire to ensure its security for the future, tries to achieve that these countries should have governments whose relations to the Soviet Union are loyal? How can one, without having lost one's reason, qualify these peaceful aspirations of the Soviet Union as ‘expansionist tendencies’ of our Government?. . .

Mr. Churchill wanders around the truth when he speaks of the growth of the influence of the Communist parties in Eastern Europe.... The growth of the influence of communism cannot be considered accidental. It is a normal function. The influence of the Communists grew because during the hard years of the mastery of fascism in Europe, Communists showed themselves to be reliable, daring and self-sacrificing fighters against fascist regimes for the liberty of peoples.
[From: Internet site: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1946stalin.html Accessed 10 September 2013]

SOURCE 1C

This is an extract from US President, Harry S. Truman's address before a joint session of congress, March 12, 1947

The peoples of a number of countries of the world have recently had totalitarian regimes forced upon them against their will. The Government of the United States has made frequent protests against coercion and intimidation, in violation of the Yalta agreement, in Poland, Rumania, and Bulgaria...
At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one.
One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression.
The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms.
I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.

I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.

I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes…

The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died. We must keep that hope alive.

The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms.

If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world -- and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our own nation.

[From: Internet site: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp. Accessed 10 September 2014]

SOURCE 1D

This cartoon was created in 1948 by British cartoonist David Low. It was published in a British newspaper two weeks after communists had taken control of Czechoslovakia via a coup. The man standing next to Stalin is Molotov, the Soviet foreign minister. The countries already ‘liberated’ are Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Finland and Albania. The picture on the desk is US General Marshall, whose economic plan was rejected by Stalin disallowing Eastern Europe access to it.

[From: Internet site: http://bobhistory.wikispaces.com/file/view/c1_s4.jpg/76709419/446x325/c1_s4.jpg Accessed 10 September 2013]
MARKING GUIDELINE
WHAT WERE THE DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO THE EXPANSION OF COMMUNIST INFLUENCE IN EASTERN EUROPE AFTER 1945?
1.1 Refer to Source 1A

1.1.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A - L1] (1 x 1) (1)

• 
  United States / USA
  

1.1.2 [Extraction of evidence from Sources - L1] (any 1 x 2) (2)

• 
  Britain and the USSR were allies during WWII
  
• 
  USSR fought on the side of allies against Nazi Germany
  
• 
  Any other relevant answer
  

1.1.3 [Explain Historical Concepts – L2] (any 2 x 2) (4)

• 
  The division of Europe into soviet sphere of influence
  

(east) and western sphere of influence (west)

• 
  The growth of communist or communist influenced governments in eastern Europe while west Europe remained capitalist and democratic.
  
• 
  The creation in East Europe of satellite states, loyal to the Soviet
  

Union.

• 
  Any other relevant answer
  

1.1.4 [Simple interpretation of Source 1A – L2] (any 2 x 2) (4)

• 
  Churchill argues that both WWI and WWII began because of
  

divisions within Europe. The iron curtain creates a divided Europe.

• 
  The division of Europe into East and West will create tensions and
  

prevent the unity which is required in order to maintain world peace.

• 
  Churchill believed that the safety of the world required a unity in Europe.
  
• 
  Any other relevant answer.
  

1.1.5 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1] (any 2 x 1) (2)

• 
  The Soviet Union desired the fruits of war
  
• 
  The Soviet Union aimed to expand its power
  
• 
  The Soviet Union wanted to spread its doctrines / ideology /
  

communism
1.2. Study Source 1B

1.2.1 [Interpret information in Source 1B – L2] (1 x 3) (3)

• 
  Stalin is suggesting that both Hitler and Churchill believed
  

that their language / culture was superior to the rest of the world.

• 
  Stalin suggests that both Hitler (German) and Churchill (English) believed that their ‘race’ / language group should rule over
  

the world.
1.2.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1] (any 2 x 1) (1)

• 
  About 7 million Russians died in WWII
  
• 
  Soviet citizens were sent to German slave labour camps
  
• 
  Germany invaded Russia
  
• 
  Russia was occupied by Germans
  
• 
  Russia lost far more men that Britain or USA
  

1.2.3 [Interpret information in Source 1B – L2] (1 x 3) (3)

• 
  Stalin justifies his expansion of Soviet influence into Eastern
  

Europe by saying that the USSR needs to ‘ensure its security’

• 
  Because the USSR suffered such heavy losses in WWII Stalin
  

wanted to make sure that their neighbours are loyal to prevent future invasions.

• 
  Any other relevant answer.
  

1.2.4 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1] (2 x 2) (2)

• 
  The Soviet Union helped liberate East Europe from fascism
  
• 
  The Soviet troops were reliable, daring, self-sacrificing fighters
  

1.3

1.3.1 [Engage with questions of usefulness 1C – L3] (6)

Learners need to include the following points in their answer:

• 
  Useful for a Historian to see the chronology of speeches, what Churchill said and how Stalin responded.
  

• 
  Useful to see that as early as 1946 the propaganda war which was to be such a key part of Cold War strategy was already evident: Churchill presenting Communism, as a threat to ‘Christian civilisation’ and positioning the English speaking democratic USA as the guardian of ‘freedom and democracy’; Stalin presenting the west as no less ‘fascist’ than Hitler in their arrogant ‘racial theory’ which assumed that English speakers should rule the world.
  
• 
  Useful for a Historian to consider whether by publishing Stalin’s response to Churchill in a US newspaper, the US is purposefully showing that its media is free and democratic unlike the state controlled Soviet Pravda.
  
• 
  The speeches clearly illustrate the two politician’s official position with regards the expansion of communism into east Europe – Churchill sees it as an act of political power and expansionism; Stalin defends it as an act of self-defence given the Soviet Union’s recent losses in WWII.
  
• 
  Any other relevant answer which clearly explains why the two sources when viewed together are useful.
  

Use the following rubric to allocate a mark:

LEVEL 1	Uses evidence in an elementary manner e.g. shows no or little understanding of why a historian would find it useful to study both Sources 1A and 1B when researching the expansion of communist influence in Eastern Europe after 1945. Uses evidence partially to report on topic or cannot report on topic	Marks: 0 - 2
LEVEL 2	Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent to the topic e.g. shows an understanding of why a historian would find it useful to study both Sources 1A and 1B when researching the expansion of communist influence in Eastern Europe after 1945. Uses evidence in a basic manner	Marks: 3 - 4
LEVEL 3	Uses relevant evidence e.g. demonstrates a thorough understanding of why a historian would find it useful to study both Sources 1A and 1B when researching the expansion of communist influence in Eastern Europe after 1945. Evidence relates well to the topic Uses evidence very effectively in an organised paragraph that shows an understanding of the topic	Marks: 5 – 6

1.4.

1.4.1 [What is being said by the author of Source 1C – L2] (any 2 x 2) (4)

• 
  Truman believed that totalitarian governments have been forced on them against their will
  
• 
  Truman believed that east European people have been intimidated and coerced into voting in communist governments
  
• 
  Truman implied that the Soviet Union has violated the Yalta agreement (which states that free and fair elections would be held throughout east Europe)
  
• 
  Any other relevant answer.
  

1.4.2 [Explain historical concepts in Source 1C – L2] (1 x 2) (2)

• 
  Democracy
  

1.4.3 [Extract evidence from Source 1C – L1] (any 3 x 1) (3)

• 
  Terror
  
• 
  Oppression
  
• 
  Controlled press and radio
  
• 
  Fixed elections
  
• 
  Suppression of personal freedoms
  

1.5

1.5.1 [Compare interpretations of events in sources 1B and 1C – L3] (2 x 2) (4)

• 
  Truman argues that communism (which he describes as totalitarianism) grew in a context of wartime ‘misery and want’. He considers that communism only spread in eastern Europe because people were desperate (experiencing ‘poverty and strife’) in a wartime context; Churchill presents communism as a positive and active choice because the communists were a role-models of communism ie they were ‘reliable’, daring’, ‘self-sacrificing’
  

NB: Learners must provide a clear comparison using both sources in order to be awarded the full 4 marks. No marks should be awarded if there is no comparison.
1.6

1.6.1 [Engage with questions of reliability in Source 1D – L3] (6)

Learners need to include the following points in their answer:

The reliability of the cartoon might be questioned because:

• 
  The cartoon was drawn by a British cartoonist and Britain saw itself as a allied with the USA and was critical of the Soviet influence in eastern Europe (as seen in Churchill’s speech 1A)
  
• 
  Political cartoons usually only present one side of a story. They are not usually well-balanced. This cartoon clearly shows Stalin and Molotov in a negative manner – they are spinning a globe and arbitrarily flicking a switch to turn countries to communism which suggests an authoritarian approach to foreign policy.
  
• 
  The cartoon does not provide any contextual information with which to evaluate the events in the countries identified. The USSR is shown as all –powerful and the only actors. We do not know what the people of those countries felt about communism.
  
• 
  Any other relevant answer
  

The cartoon might be considered reliable because:

• 
  The cartoon was published shortly after the Czechoslovakian coup which brought the Communist party into power with the support of the USSR. The Czech opposition leaders disappeared in mysterious circumstances in which it has been suggested that the USSR did play a role.
  
• 
  The countries which have been ‘liberated’ had by 1947 communist or communist influenced governments.
  
• 
  Free speech and freedom of movement were already being curtailed by 1947 suggesting that their freedoms were indeed being ‘liberated’ ie removed.
  
• 
  Any other relevant answer
  

Use the following rubric to allocate a mark:

LEVEL 1	Uses evidence in an elementary manner e.g. shows no or little understanding of whether the cartoon in Source 1D provides a reliable explanation for the expansion of communist influence in Eastern Europe after World War II. Uses evidence partially to report on topic or cannot report on topic	Marks: 0 - 2
LEVEL 2	Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent to the topic e.g. shows an understanding of whether the cartoon in Source 1D provides a reliable explanation for the expansion of communist influence in Eastern Europe after World War II. Uses evidence in a basic manner	Marks: 3 - 4
LEVEL 3	Uses relevant evidence e.g. demonstrates a thorough understanding of whether the cartoon in Source 1D provides a reliable explanation for the expansion of communist influence in Eastern Europe after World War II. Evidence relates well to the topic Uses evidence very effectively in an organised paragraph that shows an understanding of the topic	Marks: 5 – 6