Human Rights Situation of Refugee and Migrant Families and Unaccompanied Children in the United States of America



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OAS/Ser.L/V/II. 155


Doc. 16

24 July 2015

Original: English

INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS


Human Rights Situation of Refugee and Migrant Families and Unaccompanied Children in the United States of America

2015


www.iachr.org

OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.

Human rights situation of refugee and migrant families and unaccompanied children in the United States of America / Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
v.; cm. (OAS. Official records ; OEA/Ser.L)

ISBN 978-0-8270-6452-2


1. Children’s rights--United States. 2. Unaccompanied immigrant children--United States. 3. Unaccompanied refugee children--United States. 4. Immigrant families--United States. 5. Emigration and immigration law--United States.

I. Title. II. Series. OAS. Offical records ; OEA/Ser.L.

OEA/Ser.L/V/II.155 Doc. 16


Document published thanks to the financial support of the Central America and Mexico Migration Alliance (CAMMINA). The positions herein expressed arte those of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and do not reflect the views of CAMMINA.



INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Members

Rose-Marie Belle Antoine


James L. Cavallaro*
José de Jesús Orozco Henríquez
Felipe González
Rosa María Ortiz
Tracy Robinson
Paulo Vannuchi

Executive Secretary
Emilio Álvarez-Icaza L.

Assistant Executive Secretary
Elizabeth Abi-Mershed

*In keeping with Article 17(2) of the Commission’s Rules of Procedure, Commissioner James L. Cavallaro, a national of the United States, did not participate in the discussion of, research and deliberations on, and approval of this report

Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on July 24, 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS




EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7

INTRODUCTION 12

i.Scope and Objectives of the Report 12

ii.Actions of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Including the Visit to the Southern Border of the United States of America 14

iii.Structure and Methodology 20

iv.Preparation and Approval of the Report 21

v.Observations of the United States of America on the Report 21

RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF MIGRANTS, ASYLUM-SEEKERS, AND REFUGEES 27

vi.Principle of the Best Interests of the Child 32

vii.Right to Personal Liberty 36

viii.Standards Applicable to Members of Vulnerable Groups within Mixed Migratory Movements 41

ix.Asylum-seekers 41

x.Families 42

xi.Principle of the Non-deprivation of Liberty of Children 44

xii.Right to Humane Treatment during Detention 46

xiii.Right to Due Process and Access to Justice 47

xiv.Right to Consular Notification 48

xv.Rights to Family Life and Protection of the Family Unit 51

xvi.Right to Seek and Receive Asylum 52

xvii.Principle of Non-refoulement and the Right to be Free from Persecution or Torture 53

xviii.Prohibition on Collective Expulsions 55

SITUATION OF MIGRANT AND REFUGEE FAMILIES AND UNACCOMPANIED CHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 58

xix.Families with Children 74

xx.Legal Regime and Actions Taken by the State in Regard to Families 75

xxi.Main Observations and Concerns Regarding the Treatment of Families 79

xxii.Prior to and following the visit, one of the Commission’s top concerns has been the application of an automatic, arbitrary, and mandatory regime of family immigration detention for those families for whom there is space available at an immigration detention center. The Commission notes that, but for capacity limitations, all families would be detained under current policy; however, given the limitations, those families that have a relative present in the United States with whom they can stay for the duration of their immigration proceedings are sent to the custody of that relative when there is no space available at a detention center. No substantive criteria are used, nor is an individualized assessment conducted (beyond that limited to finding a host for the family), to determine which families will be detained versus those that will be released on recognizance to a sponsor. 79

xxiii.Lack of Due Process and Fair Trial Guarantees 90

xxiv.Unaccompanied Children 91

xxv.Main Observations and Concerns Regarding the Treatment of Unaccompanied Children from Mexico 93

xxvi.U.S. practice of “turn-backs” violate the human rights of Mexican unaccompanied children 93

xxvii.Incorrect application of the law: Mexican unaccompanied children as subjects who may require international protection 95

xxviii.From Non-Contiguous Countries 98

xxix.Main Observations and Concerns Regarding the Treatment of Unaccompanied Children from Non-Contiguous Countries 106

i.Deficiencies in detention conditions at holding facilities 107

xxx.Allegations of abuse and mistreatment of children while in CBP custody 109

xxxi.Due process and fair trial violations 110

xxxii.Post-release follow-up and assistance with orientation and integration 113

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 116

xxxiii.Recommendations for Unaccompanied Children from Mexico 120

xxxiv.Recommendations for Unaccompanied Children from Non-Contiguous Countries 123

xxxv.Shared Recommendations with regard to the Three, above-identified Groups 124

xxxvi.Recommendations with regard to the U.S. Immigration System 125

xxxvii.Recommendations with regard to Regional Collaboration 126

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY





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