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                                          Remediation of Land Affected by Radioactive Residues
Proceedings of an International Conference on the Remediation of Land Affected by Radioactive Residues Organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Hosted by the Government of Kazakhstan and held in Astana, 18-22 May 2009 
International Atomic Energy Agency REMEDIATION OF LAND AFFECTED BY RADIOACTIVE RESIDUES The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency:
ALBANIA
ALGERIA ANGOLA
ARGENTINA ARMENIA
AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA
AZERBAIJAN BAHRAIN
BANGLADESH BELARUS
BELGIUM BELIZE
BENIN BOLIVIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA
BRAZIL BULGARIA
BURKINA FASO BURUNDI
CAMBODIA CAMEROON
CANADA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CHAD
CHILE CHINA
COLOMBIA CONGO
COSTA RICA CÔTE D’IVOIRE CROATIA CUBA
CYPRUS CZECH REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO DENMARK DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ECUADOR EGYPT
EL SALVADOR ERITREA
ESTONIA ETHIOPIA
FINLAND FRANCE
GABON GEORGIA
GERMANY GHANA
GREECE GUATEMALA HAITI HOLY SEE
HONDURAS HUNGARY
ICELAND INDIA
INDONESIA IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAQ IRELAND
ISRAEL ITALY
JAMAICA JAPAN
JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN KENYA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF KUWAIT KYRGYZSTAN LATVIA LEBANON
LESOTHO LIBERIA
LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG MADAGASCAR MALAWI
MALAYSIA MALI
MALTA MARSHALL ISLANDS MAURITANIA MAURITIUS MEXICO MONACO
MONGOLIA MONTENEGRO MOROCCO MOZAMBIQUE MYANMAR NAMIBIA
NEPAL NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NICARAGUA NIGER NIGERIA
NORWAY OMAN
PAKISTAN PALAU
PANAMA PARAGUAY
PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTUGAL
QATAR REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA ROMANIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION SAUDI ARABIA SENEGAL
SERBIA SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEONE SINGAPORE SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA
SOUTH AFRICA SPAIN
SRI LANKA SUDAN
SWEDEN SWITZERLAND SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC TAJIKISTAN THAILAND THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA TUNISIA
TURKEY UGANDA
UKRAINE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA URUGUAY UZBEKISTAN VENEZUELA VIETNAM
YEMEN ZAMBIA
The IAEA’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the IAEA are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world” PROCEEDINGS SERIES REMEDIATION OF LAND AFFECTED BY RADIOACTIVE RESIDUES PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE REMEDIATION OF LAND AFFECTED BY RADIOACTIVE RESIDUES ORGANIZED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, HOSTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN AND HELD IN ASTANA, 18-22 MAY 2009 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2012 FOREWORD In past decades, when supplies of uranium were urgently needed for nuclear weapons production and for nuclear energy generation, the emphasis of the industry was on production, often at the expense of the environment from which the uranium ore was taken. The uranium mining activities of this era have left a legacy of tailings piles and polluted land and water courses in many countries of the world. The need to restore the affected areas is now recognized and remediation programmes are under way in many countries. Uranium was mined in some countries which had no other nuclear or radiation related practices and, as a result, there is little or no expertise to manage the remediation. Furthermore, these countries tend to have only modest resources and so, finding funds to remediate the uranium legacy sites is often difficult. These problems have been recognized by the international community and efforts to assist countries in resolving them have been made in recent years. With this background, the International Atomic Energy Agency decided to organize an international conference on the Remediation of Land Affected by Radioactive Material Residues with the purpose of reviewing global progress in remediating areas affected by radioactive materials – with special emphasis on areas affected by former uranium mining and milling activities. The conference was held in Astana, Kazakhstan from 11 to 22 May 2009. This was the second conference organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency on this subject. The first was held in 1999 in Arlington in the United States of America and was titled ‘Restoration of Environments with Radioactive Residues: The Arlington conference was focused mainly on the cleanup of nuclear weapons test sites and areas affected by nuclear accidents. In contrast, the Astana conference was concentrated on legacy sites from uranium mining and milling activities. The Astana conference was organized in eight sessions: From Arlington to Astana – Lessons Learned, International Cooperation and Support in Environmental Remediation, Complying with Safety Criteria, Innovative Technologies in Environmental Remediation, Life Cycle Planning and Stakeholder Issues, Case Studies (2 sessions), and Expediting and Enhancing Experience Exchange. This publication, which constitutes the record of the conference, includes the opening address, the invited papers, the summaries of the individual sessions and the conference president’s summary. The IAEA gratefully acknowledges the support and generous hospitality of the Government of Kazakhstan in hosting this conference. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were R. Edge of the Division of Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety and H. Monken Fernandes of the Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology.
CONTENTS
conference summary 19 OPENING SESSION 22 Opening Address 23 1.H. Forsstroem 24 1.H. Forsstroem 24 FROM ARLINGTON TO ASTANA – LESSONS LEARNED (Topical Session 1) 28 2.Summary of the 1999 International Conference on the Restoration of Environments with Radioactive Residues 29 2.Summary of the 1999 International Conference on the Restoration of Environments with Radioactive Residues 29 3.Remediation of Contaminated Areas of Kazakhstan 33 3.Remediation of Contaminated Areas of Kazakhstan 33 4.International Policies and Strategies for the Remediation of Land Affected by Radioactive Residues 37 4.International Policies and Strategies for the Remediation of Land Affected by Radioactive Residues 37 5.Assisting the Return to Normal Life in Chernobyl–Affected Regions: the International Chernobyl Research and Information Network (ICRIN) 47 5.Assisting the Return to Normal Life in Chernobyl–Affected Regions: the International Chernobyl Research and Information Network (ICRIN) 47 SUMMARY OF SESSION 1 53 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND SUPPORT IN ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION (Topical Session 2) 55 6.Remediation of Radioactively Contaminated Sites – Review of Projects Supported by the International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) 56 6.Remediation of Radioactively Contaminated Sites – Review of Projects Supported by the International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) 56 SUMMARY OF SESSION 2 62 COMPLYING WITH SAFETY CRITERIA (Topical Session 3) 64 7.The Existing Regulatory Framework in Russia on Environmental Remediation 65 7.The Existing Regulatory Framework in Russia on Environmental Remediation 65 8.US Policies for Cleanup at Radioactively contaminated sites 69 8.US Policies for Cleanup at Radioactively contaminated sites 69 9.Principles of Uranium Stewardship: Guidance from the World Nuclear Association 73 9.Principles of Uranium Stewardship: Guidance from the World Nuclear Association 73 10.Adapting International Experience to Regulatory Supervision of Legacy Sites in the Central Asian Republics 79 10.Adapting International Experience to Regulatory Supervision of Legacy Sites in the Central Asian Republics 79 SUMMARY OF SESSION 3 84 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION (Topical Session 4) 87 11.Innovative Mathematical Modelling in Environmental Remediation 88 11.Innovative Mathematical Modelling in Environmental Remediation 88 12.Advances in the Application of Electrical Techniques for Site Remediation 93 12.Advances in the Application of Electrical Techniques for Site Remediation 93 13.Site Remediation in Practice 101 13.Site Remediation in Practice 101 14.Monitored Natural Attentuation of Metals and Radionuclides in Soil and Groundwater 107 14.Monitored Natural Attentuation of Metals and Radionuclides in Soil and Groundwater 107 SUMMARY OF SESSION 4 112 LIFE CYCLE PLANNING AND STAKEHOLDER ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION 114 (Topical Session 5) 115 15.Balancing the Uranium Production Cycle: Central Asia as a Case Study 116 15.Balancing the Uranium Production Cycle: Central Asia as a Case Study 116 16.IAEA Preliminary Assessment of the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria 128 16.IAEA Preliminary Assessment of the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria 128 17.Social and Ethical Issues in Remediation 135 17.Social and Ethical Issues in Remediation 135 18.A Guide for the Remediation of Radioactively Contaminated Sites: EURSSEM 139 18.A Guide for the Remediation of Radioactively Contaminated Sites: EURSSEM 139 19.Improving Radioactive Waste and Source Management at the Vinča Institute 147 19.Improving Radioactive Waste and Source Management at the Vinča Institute 147 SUMMARY OF SESSION 5 150 CASE STUDIES (ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES) (Topical Session 6) 152 20.Environmental Effects of Possible Landslides in the Areas of Radioactive Waste Storage in Kyrgyzstan 153 20.Environmental Effects of Possible Landslides in the Areas of Radioactive Waste Storage in Kyrgyzstan 153 21.The Radiological and Environmental Situation Near to the Decommissioned Uranium Mines in Uzbekistan 157 21.The Radiological and Environmental Situation Near to the Decommissioned Uranium Mines in Uzbekistan 157 22.Multiple Stressors – Environmental Impact at Sites Contaminated with Radionuclides and Metals 162 22.Multiple Stressors – Environmental Impact at Sites Contaminated with Radionuclides and Metals 162 23.Industrial Environmental Monitoring — a Land Restoration Costs Tracking Tool 167 23.Industrial Environmental Monitoring — a Land Restoration Costs Tracking Tool 167 SUMMARY OF SESSION 6 171 CASE STUDIES II (Topical Session 7) 173 24.Challenges in Estimating Public Radiation Dose Resulting from Land Application of Waters of Elevated Natural Radioactivity 174 24.Challenges in Estimating Public Radiation Dose Resulting from Land Application of Waters of Elevated Natural Radioactivity 174 25.Experience of the Constraints Affecting the Implementation of Decommissioning/Remediation Programmes at Uranium Mining Sites 179 25.Experience of the Constraints Affecting the Implementation of Decommissioning/Remediation Programmes at Uranium Mining Sites 179 26.Lessons Learned from the Remediation at Villa Aldama Uranium Extraction Plant 185 26.Lessons Learned from the Remediation at Villa Aldama Uranium Extraction Plant 185 27.Occupational Exposure During Remediation Work at a Uranium Tailings Pile 190 27.Occupational Exposure During Remediation Work at a Uranium Tailings Pile 190 28.Baseline Radiological Survey of the Uranium–Bearing Region of Poli (Northern Cameroon) 194 28.Baseline Radiological Survey of the Uranium–Bearing Region of Poli (Northern Cameroon) 194 29.Romanian Experience in the Remediation of NORM Contaminated Sites – A Case Study 200 29.Romanian Experience in the Remediation of NORM Contaminated Sites – A Case Study 200 30.Radioecological Assessment and Remediation Planning of Uranium Milling Facilities at the Pridneprovsky Chemical Plant in Ukraine 206 30.Radioecological Assessment and Remediation Planning of Uranium Milling Facilities at the Pridneprovsky Chemical Plant in Ukraine 206 31.Experience Gained in Transferring WISMUT Radiation Protection Know–How to International Projects in Uranium Mining Remediation 211 31.Experience Gained in Transferring WISMUT Radiation Protection Know–How to International Projects in Uranium Mining Remediation 211 32.Justification of Remediation Strategies in the Long Term After the Chernobyl Accident 217 32.Justification of Remediation Strategies in the Long Term After the Chernobyl Accident 217 33.Experiences in the Remediation of Contaminated Land 222 33.Experiences in the Remediation of Contaminated Land 222 34.Assessment of Current Doses from Uranium Tailings 228 34.Assessment of Current Doses from Uranium Tailings 228 SUMMARY OF SESSION 7 235 EXPEDITING AND ENHANCING EXPERIENCE EXCHANGE (Topical Session 8) 237 35.The ENVIRONET – Network on Environmental Management and Remediation 238 35.The ENVIRONET – Network on Environmental Management and Remediation 238 SUMMARY OF SESSION 8 241 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE CONFERENCE 243 CHAIRPERSONS OF SESSIONS 246 PRESIDENT OF THE CONFERENCE 247 SECRETARIAT OF THE CONFERENCE 248 PROGRAMME COMMITTEE 249 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE IN KAZAKHSTAN 250 AUTHOR INDEX 251 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 253
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