İletişime Giriş

VIII. BİTİRİRKEN

İşe iletişimi anlatmayla başladık ve kendiyle ve diğer insanlarla ilişkisi içinde kişiliğini ve kimliğini kazanan insanı ele aldık. İnsanı ve iletişimini yaşadığı örgütlü ilişkiler dünyasında anlamlandırmaya çalıştık. Kölelik veya efendilik iletişiminin insanın kalıtımsal veya becerisiyle ilgili nedenlere dayanmadığını, toplumsal yapının içinde insanların üretim biçimlerine dayanan güç ilişkileriyle pozisyonlandırılmasından dolayı olduğunu açıkladık. Bu yapısal karakterlere bağlı olarak iletişimin de yataylık ve dikeylik, baskıcı veya demokratik\eşitcil gibi özellikler aldığı üzerinde durduk. Toplumdaki iletişimin sadece mesaj alışverişi olmadığını; bir yerde başlayıp bir diğer yerde bitmediğini; bir ileten\gönderen ile alıcı ve etki içine çökertilmesinin iletişimi anlamdan uzaklaşma olduğunu vurguladık. Toplumlarda belli dönemlerde\zamanlarda belli teknolojik yapıya (makineler, teknikler, ilişkiler, örgütlenme ve üretim şekillerine) bağımlı\uygun olarak egemen bir iletişim biçiminin olduğunu, fakat, aynı zamanda, diğer ve karşıt iletişim biçimlerinin de mücadele verdiğini açıkladık. Toplumsal yapının sömürü temeline dayanmasının getirdiği iletişim biçimlerinin egemenlik ve mücadeleci karakterlere sahip olduğunu; güç ilişkilerinin ve iletişimin statik değil, dinamik olduğunu ve kesintisiz devam ettiğini belirttik. Kapitalist dünya egemenliğinde iletişimin, enformasyonun, bilginin serbest olarak üretilmediği, akmadığı ve tüketilmediğini açıkladık. İletişimin hem ekonomik hem de ideolojik\siyasal\kültürel yanı olduğu ve iletişim politikalarının yönetim amaçlı olduğunu belirttik. Modern kitle iletişim araçlarının hem ekonomik çıkar hem de ideolojik gündem ve kontrol araçları olduğu üzerinde durduk. Amerika gibi ülkelerdeki iletişimin ulus içindeki egemen ve ezici yapısının, uluslararasında emperyalist iletişim karakterine sahip olduğunu; Türkiye gibi ülkelerdeki yapının egemen uluslararası yapıya benzeştiğini ve 1990'larda bu benzeşme ve bütünleşmenin ileri safhada olduğunu anlattık.

KAYNAKÇA

Achbar, M. (1994) (ed.) Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the media. N.Y.: Black Rose Books.

Aksoy, M. (1960). Partizan radyo ve D.P. Ankara: Ayyıldız matbaası.

Ahmed, A. S. (1993). Media Mongols at the gates of Baghdad. New Perspectives Quarterly v. 10 (Summer '93) p. 10-18.

Alemdar, K. (1988). Demokratik Parti ve Basın. Tarih ve Toplum. Mayıs.

Alemdar, K. ve R. Kaya (1993). Radyo Televizyonda Yeni Düzen. Ankara: Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği.

Alemdar, K. ve I. Erdoğan (1996). Kitle iletişimi araştırma ve kuramları: Dünden bugüne. (yakında basılacak).

Alemdar, K. ve R. Kaya (1993). Radyo ve televizyonda yeni düzen. Ankara: TOBB.

Alemdar, K. ve I. Erdoğan (1995). Popüler kültür ve iletişim. Ankara: Ümit Yayıncılık.

Alemdar, K. ve I. Erdoğan (1990). iletişim ve toplum. Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi.

Alemdar, K. (1996). İletişim ve tarih. Ankara; imge kitabevi.

Ambrose, S. E. (1991) Rise to Globalism: American foreign policy since 1938. NY:Penguin Books (Sixth revised edition).

Anderson, Perry (1974). Passages from Antiquity to feodalism. London.

Apple, M. W. & L. Weis (1977) ideology and practice in schooling: A political and conceptual introduction. In M. W. Apple & L. Weis (eds.) Ideology and practice in schooling. philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Arisan, K. (1995). Eski İstanbul’da Şehir içi ulaşım. In İhsanoğlu, E. ve M. Kaçar (1995) (ed.) op. cit. p. 1-12.

Aronson, J. (1971). Packaging the news. NY: International pub.

Aronson, J. (1970). Press and cold war. NY:Bobbs-Merrill.

Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). Dialogic imagination. Austin:University of texsas Press.

Bagdikian, B. (1993) Media Monopoly. Boston: Beacon press. (4th ed.)

Bagdikian, B. (1989). The Lords of the global village. The Nation, Vol. 248, june 12, sf. 799-80, 8ğ-808.

Banuazizi, A. (1987) Social-psychological approach to political development. In Weiner, M. & S. Huntington (eds.) Understanding Political developmnet. Boston:Little Brown, p. 281-316).

Becker, J. et.al. (1986) Communication and domination: Essays to honor Herbert I. Schiller. N.J.: Ablex.

Bell, D. (1979). The social framework of the information society. In M. L. Dertouzos ve J. Moses (eds.) The Computer age: A twentieth year View. Cambrige: MIT Press.

Berberoglu, B. (1994). Class structure and social transformation. Wstport, Conn:Praeger.

Boyd-Barret, O. (1977) Media imperialism: Towards an international framework for an analysis of media systems, in J. Curran et. al (1992) Mass Communication and society. London: Arnold, pp. 116-135.

Brecht, B. (1980) Radio as a means of communication. Screen, vol 20, no.3/4, winter 1979-1980.

Bryer, A. (1988). Peoples and settlements in Anatolia and the caucasus:800-1900. London: Variorum.

Carnoy, M. (1974) Education as cultural imperializm. NY:McKay.

Carnoy, M. et al. (1994). The new global economy in the information age. (reviewed by Hills, Jill, Political Studies 1994, 42,2, s.332.

Cheesman, R. (1986). Can people use information? Jorge p. 25-29.

Chomsky, N. and E. S. Herman (1988) manufacruring consent. NY: Pantheon.

Chomsky, N. (1988b). Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies. NY:Pluto Press.

Chomsky, N. (1994). Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda. (Open Magazine Pamphlet Ser.) No. 10.

Cobley. P. (1994). Throwing out the baby: Populism and active audience theory. Media, Culture and Society, vol. 16, no. 4. October, s. 677-687.

Cohen, Stuart & J. Young (eds.) (1973) The Manifacture of News. CA: Sage.

Collins, R., et al. Economics of television. London: Sage.

Compaine, B. M. et. al. (1982) Who owns the media: Concentration of ownership in the communications industry. NY: Knowledge Industry Publications.

Comor, E. A. (1994) (ed.) The global political economy of communication: Hegemony, telecommunication and the information economy. . NY: StMartins Press.

Croncite, Walter (1972) What it is like to broadcast news" In L. & F. Voelker (eds.) Mass Media; Forces in our society. NY:HBC Inc.

Cumberland, I. (1924) In the Public tresury. in E. G. Mears (ed.) Modern Turkey. New York:Mac Millan. (Quoted in Pye,ed., op. cit.) .

Curran, J. et. al. (1987) Impacts and influences: Essays on media power in the twentieth Century. London: methuen.

Curran, J et. al. (1995)Cultural Studies & Communications. London: Arnold Edward Publishers.

Curran J. and M. Gurevitch. (1995). Mass Media & Society. NY:St Martin's Press.

Dahrendorf, Ralf (1959). Class and Class conflict in industrial society. CA:Stanford University Press.

Dennis M., D. (1995). Communication & Power in Organizations: Discourse, Ideology, & Domination. NJ:Ablex.

Duncan, H. D. Communcation and Social order. NJ:Bedmister Press.

Duran, B. (1995). Osmanlı devletinin son döneminde Türkiye'de karayolu ulaşımındaki gelişmeler. In İhsanoğlu, E. ve M. Kaçar (1995) (ed.) op. cit. p. 483-490.

Durkeim, Emile (1960). Division of labor in society. NY:Free Press.

Dyson, K. and P. Humphreys (1990). Introduction: Politics, Markets and communication policies. In K. Dyson and P. Humpreys (eds.). Political economy of communications: International and European dimensions. NY: Routhledge, s. 1-32.

Ege, K. (198?). US and NATO bases in Turkey. Counterspy magazine. (missing info).

Ekecrantz, J. (1987). The sociological order of the new information society. In Slack, J. ve F. Fejes (eds.) Ideology of information age, pp. 78-94..

Enzenberger, H. M. (1974). The consciousness industry. MASS:Seabury.

Erdoğan, İ. (1994). Sevmek ne demek: Aşk, evlilik ve tutsaklık. Ankara: Ümit yayıncılık.

Erdoğan, İ. (1995). Amerika: İdeoloji, düşler, gerçekler. Ankara: Ümit yayıncılık.

Erdoğan, I. (1995a). Uluslararası iletişim. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları.

Erdoğan, I. ve N. Ejder (1997). İnsan ve Çevre. Ankara: Doruk yayınevi .

Erdoğan, I. (1997b). Kölenin zincirine vuruluşu. Ankara: Doruk (basılacak).

Erdoğan, I. (1997). Kapitalizm, toplum gelişmesi ve iletişim. (hazırlanıyorb

Ewen, S. (1976). Captains of consciousness: Advertising and the social roots of the consumer culture. NY:McGraw Hill.

Fanon, F. (1977) The wretched of the earth. NY:Penguin.

Finkelstein, S. (1968) Sense and nonsense of MCLuhan. International Publishers.

Frank, A. Gunder (1975) Functionalizm and dialectics. In S. Denisoff et. al. (eds.) Theories and paradigms in contemporary sociology. F.E. Peacock Pub.

Freire, Paul (1973). Education for critical conscuiousness. NY: Continuum book.

Fromm, E. (1955) The sane society. NY:Fawcett.

Galbraith, K. (1977). Age of uncertainty. Boston:Houghton Mifflin.

Garnham, N. (1979) Contribution to a political economy of mass communication. Media, Culture and Society, vol. 1, no 2, April..

Garnham, N. (1990) (ed.). Capitalism and communication: Global culture and the economics of information. Ca: Sage.

Galtung, J. (1979). A structureal theory of imperialism. In Modelski (ed.) op. cit.

Galtung, J & R. C. Vincent (1992). Global Glasnost: Toward a New International Information Communication Order?. NY:Hampton Press.

George, A. (1991) (ed.) Western State Terrorism. Cambridge,UK: Polity Press.

Gitlin, T. (19 ). The whole world is watching.

Gitlin, T. (1983). İnside the prime Time. NY:Pantheon.

Glasgow University Media Group (1993). Getting the Message: News, Truth & Power. NY: Routhledge.

Glasgow Media Group Reader (1995) (Vol. 2): Industry, Economy, War & Politics. London:Routledge.

Glasgow Media Group Reader (1995b). News Content & Visuals. London:Routhledge.

Golding, P. (1974). Media role in national development. Journal of Communication, vol. 25, no. 3, summer.

Goldman, Robert (1991) Mapping hegemony: Television news coverage of industrial conflict. N.J.:Ablex.

Gormley, W. T. (1991). Privatization and its alternative. Wisc: University of Wisconsin Press.

Gouldner, A. W. (1970) The coming crisis of Western sociology. MASS: Basic Books.

Gubach, T. ve T. Varis (1986). trabsnational Communicaiton and cultural industries. No.92; paris:UNESCO, Reports and Papers on MAss Communication.

Halaçoğlu, Y. (1995). Klasik dönemde Osmanlılarda haberleşme ve yol sistemi. In İhsanoğlu, E. ve M. Kaçar (1995) (ed.) op. cit. p. 13-21.

Hall, E. T. (1959). Silent language. NY:Doubleday.

Halloran, J. D. (1964) Te Effect of mass communcation with special reference to televisin: A Survey. London: Leicester.

Hamelink, C. J. (1986). Is information technology neutral? In Jorg, Becker com and domination essay on schiller pp. 16-24.

Hamelink, C. (1977). The Corporate village: The role of Transnational corporations in international communication. Rome:IDOC International.

Hamelink, C. (1995). The Politics of World Communication. Ca:Sage.

Hardt, H. (1992). Critical Communication Studies: Essays on Communcation History & Theory in America. NY: Routledge Coll.

Haye, Y. de la (1980) Marxs and Engels on the means of communication: A selection of texts. NY: International General.

Hiebert, R. E. (1995). Impact of Mass Media: Current Issues. NY: Longman Publishing.

İhsanoglu, E. ve M. Kaçar (1995) (ed.). Çağını yakalayan Osmanlı: Osmanlı devletinde modern haberleşme ve ulaştırma teknikleri. İstanbul: Yıldız Matbaacılık.

Illich, I. D. (1971). Celebration of awareness. NY: Achor Books.

Inkeles, A. (1951). "The Soviet characterization of the Voice of America", Journal of International Affairs, vol.5.

Innis, H. A. (1951) Bias of communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Innis, H. A. (1972) Empre and communciation. Toronto: Universiti of Toronto Press.

Johns, B. A. (1995). Enemies, allies, and others: images of the world on Voice of America and Radio Moscow after the cold war. PH.D. Thesis, Purdue University.

Kaçar. M. (1995). Osmanlı Telgraf işletmesi. İn İhsanoğlu, E. ve M. Kaçar (1995) (ed.). s. 45-120.

Katz, E. & J.G. Blumler (eds.) The uses of mass communication. CA: Sage.

Klapper, J. T. (1960) The effects of mass communication.

Klapper, J. T. & L. Lowenthal (1951). "The contribution of opinion research to the evaluation of psychological warfare" Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 15, 1951-1952..

Kotz, N. (1969) Let them eat promises - Politics of hunger. N.Y.:Prentice Hall.

Lasswell, H. (1948) The structure and functions of communication in society. (1948). in W. Schramm, (1960) (ed.) mass Communcation, Urbana: university of illinois Press, pp. 117-130..

Lasswell, H. D. (1950) Political and psychological warfare. In D. Lerner (ed.) Propaganda in war and crisis. NY: G.W. Steward.

Lasswell, H. D. (1939) World Revolutionary Propaganda. NY:Alfred Knopf.

Lazarsfeld, H. D. (1966) The structure and function of communication in society. In W. Schramm (ed.) Mass Communications. Illinois: University of Illlinois Press.

Lazarsfeld, P. et. al. The People's Choice. NY:Duell, Sloan, Pearce.

Lazarsfeld, P. and E. Katz (1955, 1970) Personal influence. Ill:Free Press.

Lerner, D. (1957). Communication systems and social systems. In W. Schramm (1960 Mass Communications . Urbana: Universitiy of illinois Press. pp. 160.

Lerner, D. (1959) The passing of traditional society: Modernizing the Middle East. NY: The free press.

Levitas, M. (1974). Marxist perspectives in the sociology of education. London:Routledge.

Luther, S. (1989). Marxist social theory, Mass communications and the direct broadcast satellite. Nature, Society and Thought, 2-3, July, pp. 267-3İ.

Luthje, B. (1993) On the political economy of post-fordist telecommunications: The US experience. Capital and Class, no.51, Autumn, s.81-117.

MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist. NY:Schocken.

Martin-Barbero, J. and P. Schlesinger (1993). Communication, Culture & Hegemony: From Media to Mediations. NJ:Ablex.

Marks, K. (1974) On freedom of press and censorship. NY:McGram Hill.

Marks, K. (1973). Grundrisse. Harmondworth: Penguin.

Mattelart, A. & H. Schmucler (1987). Communication and information technologies: Freedom fo choice for Latin America?. NJ: Ablex.

Mattelart, A. & S. Siegelaub (1979). (eds.) Communication and class struggle: 1: Capitalism, imperialism. NY: International general.

Mattelart, A. (1991) Advertising international: The privitization of public space. NY:Routhledge.

Mattelart, A. (1994). Mapping World Communication. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.

Mattelart, A. (1979) Multinationals and control of culture. NJ:Humanities press.

McQuail, D. (1994). Mass communication theory: an introduction. 3rd ed. London: Sage.

Meehan, E. R., V. Mosco, J. Wasco (1993). Rethinking political economy: Change and continuity. Journal of Communication, vol 43, no. 4, Autumn, s. 1ğ-116.

Meyer, W. H. (1988). Transnational media and third world development: The structure and impact of imperialism. N.Y.: Greenwood Press.

Modelski, G. (1979) (ed.). Transnational corporations and world order. Ca: W. H. Freeman.

Morgan, L. W. (1877). New York: Meridian Books (1969 baskısı).

Morley, D. (1988) Family television. London:Comedia.

Mosco, V and J. Wasko (1988) (eds.). The Political Economy of Information. Ill: University of Wisconsin Press.

Mulgan, G. J. (1994). The dynamics of electronic networks. in Polity Reader (ed.) The politiy reader in cultural theory. London: Polity press.

Mumby, D. (1989). Ideology and the social construction of meaning: A communication perspective. Communication Quarterly. Vol 37, no 4, Fall, s. 291-3Ş.

Özkan, T. (1993). Kıyamet mahkemesi. Ankara: Ümit yayıncılık.

Petterson, S. F. T. and W. Schramm (1956) The Four theories of the Press. Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

Parenti, M. (1974). Democracy for the few. NY:StMartin's press.

Parenti, M. (1986). Inventing reality:The politics of the mass media. NY:St martin's Press.

Parker, I. (1993). A geographical appreciation of Harold A. Innis. Canadian Geographer vol.37, no. 4, s.352-364.

Parker, I. (1977). Harold İnnis, Karl Marx and Canadian Political economy. Queen's Quarterly. vol. 84, no.4, winter, 545-563.

Pasha, S. H. (1993). Towards a cultural theory of political ideology and mass media in the Muslim World. Media, Culture and Society. Vol. 15, p. 61-79.

Peet, R. (1991) Global capitalism: Teories of societal development. NY: Routhledge.

Pye, L. (1963). Communication and political development. NJ:Princeton University Press.

Picard, R. C. (1989). media economics, London:Sage.

Rinehart, J. R. and J. F. Lee (1991). American education and dynamics of choice. NY: Praeger.

Roach, C. (1993). Communication & Culture in War & Peace. NJ: Ablex.

Said, E. W. (1989) Representing the colonized: Antropology's interlocutors'. Critical Inquiry, 15:2ğ-225

Schiller, H. I. (1973) Mind Managers. Boston:Beacon Press.

Schiller, H. I. (1993). A deal that's fit to print. Newsweek , June 21.

Schiller, H. I. (1992) Mass Communication and American Empire. 2nd. ed., Boulder: Westview Press.

Schiller, H. I. (1985) Behind the media merger movment. Nation, June 8, 1985.

Schiller, H. I. (1976) Communication and cultural domination. N.Y.:International Arts and Science Press.

Schiller, H. I. (1991). Not yet the post-imperialist era. Cirtical Studies in Mass Communication, (8) 1, 13-28.

Schiller, H. I. (1989) Culture, Inc.: The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression.

Schramm, W. et al. (1958) The nature of psychological warfare. batimore: John Hopkins University Press.

Schramm, W. (1960). (ed.). Mass Communication. Ill:University of Illinois Press.

Schudson, M. (1978) Discovering the news. NY:Basic.

Siebert, F. et al. (1956). Four theories of the press. Ill:University of Illinois Press.

Siebert, F. (1960). Communication and government. In. W. Schramm, (ed.) op. cit. p. 219-226.

Slack, D. J. and F. Fejes (1987) Ideology of the information age. NY: Ablex.

Smith, A. (1877). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the weath of nations. Chicago: Encyclopeida Britannica, 1952, s. 309, 311.

Smythe, D. W. (1986). On political ekonomy of C3I. In Jorge, pp. 66-76. (C3I=command, control, communication ve information).

Thompson, J. B. (1990) İdeology and modern culture: Critical social theory in the era of mass communication. UK:Polity Press.

Thord, R. (1994). Political economy, economics and development: The future of transportation and communication: Visions and perspectives from Europe, Japan and USA. (see international affairs for review, 1994, v70no3, july, 555-6)

Tunstall, J. and M. Palmer (1991). Media Moguls. NY:Routhledge.

Tunstall, J. (1977) The media are American. London: Constable.

UNESCO (1986). Communication and society: A documentary history of world information and communication order, 1975-1986. Paris:UNESCO.

Voloshinov, V. N. (1973). Marxsizm and philosophy of language. MA: Harvard university Press.

Wasko, J. & B. Dervin (1993) (eds.). Illuminating the Blindspots: Essays Honoring Dallas W. Smythe. NJ:Ablex.

Williams, R. (1975) Television: Technology and cultural form. New York; Schoken Books.

Willis, Paul (1977) Learning to labour. Westmead, England: Saxon house.

Yazıcı, N. (1995). Posta Nezaretinin kuruluşu. In İhsanoğlu, E. ve M. Kaçar (1995) (ed.). s. 23-44.