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CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9 – TEST 1 – PASSAGE 3

1. What had to transfer from sea to land before any animals could migrate?

Keywords: transfer, animals migrate

In the first paragraph, the writer indicates that “If you go far back enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land…And we mustn‟t
forget theplants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could happen.

• 
  Transfer (from sea to land)=move out onto (the land)
  

• 
  before=prior
  

=>ANSWER: plants

1. Which TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animals had to make big changes as they moved onto land?

Keywords: two processes, big changes, moved onto land

In paragraph 2, the writer indicates that “Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction”

• 
  Big changes=a major redesign of every aspect of life.
  

=>ANSWER: breathing-reproduction

1. Which physical feature, possessed by their ancestors, do whales lack?

Keywords: physical feature, whales lack?

In paragraph 2, the write argues that “Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don‟t even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation.”

• 
  ancestors=earlier marine incarnation
  

• 
  lack=never developed
  

=>ANSWER: gills

1. Which animals might ichthyosaurs have resembled?

Keywords: ichthyosaurs, resembled

In paragraph 3, “Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look likedolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water.”

• 
  resemble=look like
  

=>ANSWER: dolphins

1. Turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea.

Keywords: turtles, first animals, back, sea

In paragraph 2, “Nevertheless, a good number of thoroughgoing land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again.”

Whether turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea or not is NOT mentioned. We only know, from this paragraph, that “Turtles went back to the sea a very long time

ago…” So, the statement is NOT GIVEN

• 
  migrate back=return
  

=>ANSWER: NOT GIVEN

1. It is always difficult to determine where an animal lived when its fossilised remains are incomplete.

Keywords: always difficult, animal lived, remains, incomplete

In paragraph 3, the writer argues that “You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it‟s obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely livedlike dolphins, in the water. With turtles, it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.” This means that although somefossilised remains of animals are incomplete, sometimes it is still obvious to determine where an animal lived; the case of dolphin fossils is an example. So, the statement is FALSE.

• 
  incomplete fossilised remains=fragments
  

=>ANSWER: FALSE

1. The habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains.

Keywords: ichthyosaurs, habitat, appearance, fossilised remains

In paragraph 3, the writer says that “Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossilslook like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water.”So, it is true that the habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains.

=>ANSWER: TRUE

34-39. Method of determining where the ancestors of turtles and tortoises come from

1. 71 species of living turtles and tortoises were examined and a total of¼¼were taken from the bones of their forelimbs.

Keywords: 71,taken, total of, bones, forelimbs

At the beginning of paragraph 4, the writer argues that “Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises.”

=>ANSWER: 3 measurements/three measurements

1. The data was recorded on a¼.. (Necessary for comparing the information) Keywords: recorded on a

In paragraph 4, the writer indicates that “They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another.”

• 
  comparing the information ~ plot the three measurements against one another
  

• 
  recorded=plot
  

=>ANSWER: (triangular) graph

1. Outcome: Land tortoises were represented by a dense¼..of points towards the top.

Keywords: land tortoises, represented, dense, points

Also, in paragraph 4, the write indicates that “All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle.”

• 
  dense=tight
  

• 
  towards the top=in the upper part of the triangle
  

=>ANSWER: cluster

1. The same data was collected from some living….species and added to the other results.

Keywords: same data, living species, the other results

In paragraph 4, The results from the land tortoises were all in the upper part of the graph, and in the lower part of the graph were the results from the water turtles. “There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the „wet cluster‟ of sea turtles and the „dry cluster‟ of land tortoises.”

1. Outcome: The points for these species turned out to be positioned about¼..up the triangle between the land tortoises and the sea turtles.

Keywords: points, positioned about, up the triangle

In paragraph 4, “Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the „wet cluster‟ of sea turtles and the „dry cluster‟ of landtortoises.”

• 
  added to the other results=half way between the „wet cluster‟ of sea turtles and the „dry cluster‟ of land tortoises
  

=>ANSWER: halfway

1. Bonesof P.quenstedti and P.talampayensis were examined in a similar way and the results added.

Outcome: The position of the points indicated that both these ancient creatures were….

Keywords: position, points,creatures

At the end of paragraph 4, the writer says that “The bones of P.quenstedti and P.talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises.”

• 
  Ancient creatures=fossils
  

=>ANSWER: dry-land tortoises

1. 
   According to the writer, the most significant thing about tortoises is that
   
2. 
   They are able to adapt to extremely dry environments.
   
3. 
   Their original life form was a kind of primeval bacteria.
   
4. 
   They have so much in common with sea turtles.
   
5. 
   They have made the transition from sea to land more than once.
   

In the last paragraph, the writer indicates that “Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals…their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria.

Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and become sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.” So this means that tortoises have made the transition from sea to land more than once.

=>ANSWER: D