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Fillers

Keywords: e.g, cotton, asbestos

In paragraph 5, the writer says that “Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance.” e.g (for example) = such as

6. Hexa

Keywords: ammonia, formaldehyde


In paragraph 5, the writer refers to: “catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin.”We understand that hexa is a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde, so two arrows of ammonia and formaldehyde in the chart make up hexa.

7. Raw

Keywords: cool, hardened, break up, grind, Bakelite, stage two resin

In paragraph 5, the writer says: “This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground upa second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects.”

+ stage two resin = a second time

+ grind = ground (past simple tense)

8. Pressure

Keywords: pour, mould, intense heat

In paragraph 5, the writer states that: ” In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure, thereby „setting‟ its forms for life”. We realise that in
paragraph 5, the writer describes the moulding process by using the passive voice, whereas, questions in the flow chart are inthe active voice. For example:

+ pour =>poured

+ apply intense heat =>subjected to extreme heat

+ intense = extreme

Questions 9-10: Choose two letters, A-E

Which two of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in the text?