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CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 READING – TEST 4 – ANSWERS
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CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 READING – TEST 4 – ANSWERS
In paragraph B, the writer gives us an overview about lower secondary schools in Japan such as the number of years [lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years¼private sector], the facilities [School are usually modern in design¼in rows], the time of lessons [a standardized 50 minutes], break time [a 10 minute break], classes are large and unstreamed. => This provides the background of secondary education in Japan. lower secondary schools = middle – years education => ANSWER: vii – Background to middle – years education in Japan Section C In paragraph C: “Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho, as a part of the concept of free compulsory education up to the age of 15” => Monbusho, central education authority supplies textbooks. The last sentence in paragraph C: “Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralized national curriculum and how it is to be delivered”. This means that Monbusho has great effects/influence not only on textbooks but also the national curriculum. Moreover, the writer only refers to Monbusho in paragraph C. =>ANSWER: i – The influence of Monbusho Section D In paragraph D, the writer indicates the pattern for a math lessons: “Lessons all follow thesame pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, collect or elaborate as necessary”. => That means there is a typical format/pattern of a math lesson. format = pattern => ANSWER: v – The typical format of a math lesson Section E In paragraph E: “Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary”. Moreover, “in observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbor”. That means teachers are willing to help students who have difficulties in learning. less successful students = strugglers help [to be helped] ~ be assisted by =>ANSWER: ii – Helping less successful students Section F In paragraph F, the writer raises a question in order to find out what factors contribute to the success of math education in Japan. “So what are the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important”. Some other “relevant points relate to the supportive attitude of a class towards slower pupils, the lack of competition within a class, and the positive emphasis on learning….” key = major contributing factors => ANSWER: viii – The key to Japanese successes in maths education Questions 6-9 There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts Key words: wider range of achievement, English pupils, studying maths, Japanese counterparts In paragraph A: “but there was also a larger proportion of „low‟ attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater”. This means that though Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales, England has a wider range of attainment scores than Japan. So, in England and Wales it is common for some pupils to achieve very high scores, while others only have low scores.
somebody/something else in a different place or situation. => ANSWER: YES The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education generally reflects the level of attainment Key words: percentage, Gross National Product, spent, reflects, level of attainment The last sentence in paragraph A: “the percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?” This means that though both countries [Japan & England] receive the same percentage of Gross National Product, the level of achievement in studying maths is higher in Japan. Moreover, in the first sentence, the writer indicates that Japan has a better record in mathematical attainment than England and Wales; therefore, it is false to say that the percentage of GNP spent on education reflects the level of attainment. => ANSWER: NO
Key words: private schools in Japan, modern, spacious, state – run lower secondary schools In paragraph B, the writer indicates that : “all pupils attend state schools; only 3 per cent are in the private sector. Schools [state schools] are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside”. This means that the writer states only that state schools are modern and spacious. We do not know whether private schools are more modern than state schools or not. state – run lower secondary schools = state schools ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
In paragraph D: “Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake so that these can be avoided in future”. => This means that teachers do not mark homework. It is the students who mark their own homework. =>ANSWER: NO
In paragraph C: “These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed”. Textbooks are referred to again in paragraph D: “….the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets unnecessary”. Therefore, teachers do not need to use work sheets, the maths textbooks contain everything that the pupils need. well organised = well set out comprehensive coverage ~ containing all the examples that the pupils need =>ANSWER: B – Well organised and adapted to the needs of the pupils When a new maths topic is introduced, In paragraph D: “…. the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of epetition and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class….”. This means that when a new maths topic is introduced, the teacher patiently gives a clearly explanation of the topic to students. patiently = slowly carefully = with a lot of repetition and elaboration =>ANSWER: C- It is carefully and patiently explained to the students How do schools deal with students who experience difficulties? In paragraph E: “Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour”. Schools also encourage parents to help: “Parents are kept closely informed of their children‟s progress and will play a part in helping their children to keep up with class, sending them to „Juku‟ (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encouraging them to work harder”. supplementary = extra tuition: the act of teaching something, especially to one person or to people in small groups =>ANSWER: A – They are given appropriate supplementary tuition Why do Japanese students tend to achieve relatively high rates of success in maths? In paragraph F: “maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy”. Maths is an important subject in Japanese schooling, Japanese students tend to learn hard/make a lot of effort and focus on the accuracy of answers => they tend to
=>ANSWER: C – Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasised CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 – TEST 4 – PASSAGE 2 Questions 14 – 17 Choose the correct letter, A,B,C or D The use of pesticides has contributed to In paragraph 1: “Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical- resistant, highly lethal superbugs”. This means that the use of pesticides is partly responsible for widespread ecological disorders and the development of highly lethal superbugs ~ types of insects that are very difficult to destroy and which cause a lot of damage. This
=> ANSWER: B – an imbalance in many ecologies around the world. The Food and Agriculture Organization has counted more than 300 agricultural pests which In paragraph 2: “more than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals”. That means pesticides no longer affect/ have any effect on these agricultural pests. no longer responding to = have developed resistance to pesticides = potent chemicals =>ANSWER: A – are no longer responding to most pesticides in use. Cotton farmers in Central America began to use pesticides Paragraph 4 refers to cotton farmers in Central America: “farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield”. That means farmers used pesticides to increase the amount of cotton harvested from each crop ~ the crop yield. began to use = took to boost: to make something increase =>ANSWER: D – to ensure more cotton was harvested from each crop By the mid-1960s, cotton farmers in Central America found that pesticides In paragraph 5: “By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticides spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides”. This means that pesticides accounted for 50% of the amount of money spent on cotton production. financial outlay: the money that you have to spend in order to produce cotton =>ANSWER: D – were costing 50% of the total amount they spent on their crops Questions 18 – 21 Disease -spreading pests respond more quickly to pesticides than agricultural pests do. Key words: disease-spreading pests, respond, more quickly, pesticides, agricultural pests. In paragraph 2, the FAO states that “more than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use”. In this paragraph, the writer only refers to the number of species of both agricultural and disease – spreading pests which respond to pesticides. There is no mention of which type of pests develop resistance to pesticides more quickly. The information is not given.
A number of pests are now born with an innate immunity to some pesticides Key words: pests, born, innate immunity, pesticides In paragraph 3: “Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides”. That means these species are born with an innate immunity/ to insecticides. born with ~ some pests give birth to young/offspring which are not killed by chemical pesticides withstand ~ resist/be immune to/not be killed by insecticides ~ chemicals/pesticides which kill insects innate: that you have when you were born =>ANSWER: YES Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests‟ offspring. Key words: biological control, synthetic chemicals, change, genetic make-up, pests‟ offspring. In paragraph 7, “In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity – though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential”. The writer states that „biological control‟ is a more effective and ecologically sound strategy, used in an effort to tackle the serious danger caused by the application of pesticides. This means that „biological control‟ does not use pesticides but uses natural enemies of pests. => It is false to say that “Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests‟ offspring”. peril: serious danger indiscriminate: action that is taken without thought about what the result may be, especially when it causes people to be harmed =>ANSWER: NO Bio-control is free from danger under certain circumstances Key words: bio – control, free from, danger, circumstances In paragraph 7, the writer mentions “the advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low – cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side – effects. When handled by experts, bio – control is safe, non – polluting and self – dispersing”. Under certain circumstances [when handled by experts], bio-control is safe, non- polluting and self-dispersing = free from danger. =>ANSWER: YES Questions 22 – 26 Disapene scale insects feed on The last sentence in paragraph 9 explains that “CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on „disapene scale‟ insects – notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India” => This means that disapene scale
defoliant: these insects eat the leaves from plants, in particular the leaves of fruit trees =>ANSWER: D – Fruit trees Neodumetia sangawani ate In paragraph 10: “Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US”. This means Neodumetia sangawaniate ate Rhodes grass-scale insect to control it from devouring [eating] forage grass. To be clear, Neodumetia sangawani eats grass-scale insects, and grass-scale insects eat forage grass. ate = was devouring =>ANSWER: H – Grass-scale insects Leaf-mining hispides blighted In paragraph 10: “In the late 1960s, when Sri Lanka‟s flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining hispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control”. This means that Sri Lanka‟s coconut groves were damaged by leaf-mining hispides. blight = plague
=> ANSWER: C – Coconut trees An Argentinian weevil may be successful in wiping out In paragraph 9, “Similarly the Hyderabad – based Regional Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentina weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth”. That means an Argentinian weevil may be successful in destroying all of the water hyacinth plants [by eating them] hyacinth: a plant with a mass of small blue, white or pink flowers with a sweet smell that grow closely together around a thick stem wiping out = eradication Salvinia molesta plagues In paragraph 10: “By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometer-long canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta¼About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed [Salvinia molesta]”. That means weed Salvinia molesta plagues about 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala.
CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 – TEST 4 – PASSAGE 3 Taxonomic research involves comparing members of one group of ants Key words: taxonomic, comparing members of group of ants In paragraph 1: “For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes (workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation
=>ANSWER: TRUE
All the information relating to taxonomic research is in paragraph 1. Taxonomic research involves comparing members of one group of ants and “the taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those currently under study”. There is no information about how often new species of ant are identified by taxonomists. => ANSWER: NOT GIVEN
In paragraph 1, “For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible”. This means that it is important for ecological collections to collect a variety of present species [collect different species] range: a variety of things of a particular type key criterion = the most important factor => ANSWER: TRUE A single collection of ants can generally be used for both taxonomic and ecological purposes. Key words: single collection of ants, taxonomic and ecological purposes In paragraph 1: “For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible”. Taxonomists prefer to collect a lot of ants from a single nest. “Unfortunately, these methods are not always compatible”. Therefore, one collection of ants cannot always be used for both purposes. Therefore, it is false to say that a single collection of ants can generally be used for both taxonomic and ecological purposes. => ANSWER: FALSE Questions 31 – 36 It is preferable to take specimens from groups of ants In paragraph 2, in the hand collecting method, “when possible, collections should be made from nests or foraging columns and at least 20 to 25 individuals collected. This will ensure that all individuals are from the same species and so increase their value for detailed studies”. “Take specimens from groups of ants” means all individuals [ants] are the same species, from the same nestor column of ants searching for food. =>ANSWER: A – Hand-collecting It is particularly effective for wet habitats. In paragraph 4, in the ground litter sampling method, “this method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas”. Rain forests and marshy areas are wet habitats. effective = works well marshy area: land which is always soft and wet. => ANSWER: C – Sampling ground litter It is a good method for species which are hard to find In paragraph 3, in the method using baits, “Baits can be used to attract and concentrate foragers. This often increases the number of individuals collected and attracts species that are otherwise elusive”. That means baits can be used to collect species which are hard to find [elusive]. hard to find = elusive =>ANSWER: B – Using bait Little time and effort is required In paragraph 5, the pitfall trap method, “One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention”. That means when using pitfall traps, little time and effort is required to look after and check the traps [this is the advantage of this method]. little = minimal: very small in size or amount; as small as possible =>ANSWER: D – Using a pitfall trap Separate containers are used for individual specimens In paragraph 2, in the hand collecting method, “Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass tubes (1.5 – 3.0 ml capacity for small ants, 5-8 ml for larger ants) containing 75% to 95% ethanol”. Insects [including small ants and larger ants] are placed in plastic or glass tubes [containers] with different sizes. Each insect is placed in a separate tube. containers = tubes =>ANSWER: A – Hand collecting Non-alcoholic preservative should be used In paragraph 5, in the method using pitfall traps, “the preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry out”. If alcohol is used to preserve ant speciments, the traps dry too quickly because alcohol evaporates. So other preservatives, which do not contain alcohol should be used. evaporate: to disappear, especially by gradually becoming less and less => ANSWER: D – Using a pitfall trap Questions 37 – 40 In paragraph 4: “This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter [38] on a screen [39] over a large funnel, often under some heat [37]. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol [40] placed below the funnel” Yüklə 0,99 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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