Section
|
Para No.
|
I. INTRODUCTION
|
1
|
The issues in brief
|
6
|
II. THE BACKGROUND
|
11
|
Phases of British military involvement in Iraq
|
11
|
The invasion period
|
12
|
The occupation period
|
13
|
The post-occupation period
|
14
|
The duty of the state to investigate deaths and ill-treatment
|
16
|
Article 2
|
16
|
Article 3
|
19
|
Judicial review claims
|
21
|
IHAT investigations
|
25
|
The Ali Zaki Mousa proceedings
|
27
|
III. ARTICLE 1 – JURISDICTION
|
32
|
Article 1
|
34
|
Banković v Belgium
|
36
|
Cases after Banković
|
38
|
The Al-Skeini case
|
41
|
Smith v Ministry of Defence
|
52
|
The status of Banković after Al-Skeini
|
56
|
Subsequent decisions of the European Court
|
62
|
The application of the Al-Skeini principles
|
65
|
Effective control over an area
|
66
|
Exercise of public powers
|
72
|
The occupation period
|
76
|
The invasion period
|
77
|
PIL 6: Atheer Kareem Khalaf
|
80
|
The post-occupation period
|
84
|
Exercise of physical power and control
|
89
|
Non-detention cases
|
90
|
Position of the Secretary of State
|
93
|
The position in principle
|
95
|
The actual decision in Al-Skeini
|
99
|
Reliance on Banković
|
101
|
Jurisdiction and breach
|
108
|
Going no further than the European Court has gone
|
112
|
Application to the test cases
|
117
|
Other cases
|
119
|
PIL 3 and PIL 7: deaths in a British hospital
|
120
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PIL 176: killing during a US-led operation
|
123
|
PIL 45
|
128
|
Rahmatullah and Ali
|
131
|
IV. ARTICLE 3 – HANDOVER
|
137
|
The parties’ positions
|
140
|
The ECHR case law
|
141
|
A threshold issue: the Nasseri case
|
149
|
The position in principle
|
159
|
Application to the non-refoulement obligation
|
163
|
The position on authority
|
169
|
The El-Masri case
|
174
|
Dzhurayev v Russia
|
180
|
Conclusion on issue (2)
|
186
|
Issue (4): when does a duty to investigate arise in handover cases?
|
187
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Perpetrating mistreatment
|
188
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Complicity in mistreatment
|
189
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Content of any investigative obligation
|
199
|
Test cases
|
200
|
V. ARTICLE 5 – DETENTION
|
203
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Issue (5): the claimants’ primary case
|
204
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Enforced disappearance
|
208
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International law
|
209
|
Convention case law
|
216
|
Other cases
|
226
|
The claimants’ alternative case
|
231
|
The El-Masri case
|
233
|
Issue (7): discussion
|
240
|
Application to the test cases
|
243
|
Issue (7A): the effect of IHL
|
251
|
VI. UNCAT
|
256
|
Relevant provisions of UNCAT
|
259
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Territorial scope of UNCAT
|
263
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Status of treaties in domestic law
|
267
|
Customary International Law
|
270
|
Scope of article 12 of UNCAT
|
274
|
Reference to UNCAT in interpreting article 3
|
276
|
VII. ARGUABLE BREACH
|
281
|
Military road traffic cases: PIL 45
|
287
|
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
|
294
|
Article 1 – jurisdiction
|
294
|
Article 3 – handover
|
294
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Article 5 – detention
|
294
|
UNCAT and CIL
|
294
|
Arguable breach of articles 2/3
|
294
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