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Andhra Bengal Delhi Karnataka Tamil Nadu Panjab Bihar Maharashtra Assam Orissa Rajasthan

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Hkkjrh; lekt foKku vdkneh
Hkkjrh; lekt foKku vdkneh Lora= Hkkjr dh izFke jk"Vªh; foKku vdkneh gSA ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls ;g pkSFkh jk"Vªh; foKku vdkneh gSA vU; rhu jk"Vªh; foKku vdkneh] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; foKku vdkneh] Hkkjrh; foKku vdkneh vkSj jk"Vªh; foKku vdkneh dh LFkkiuk fczfV’k 'kklu dky esa gqbZ FkhA mUurkyhl lky iwoZ] 15 vxLr 1974 esa bykgkckn fo’ofo|ky; esa Hkkjrh; lekt foKku vdkneh dk tUe gqvkA rr~dkyhu ;qokfoKkfu;ksa dk ,d u;s jk"Vªh; foKku vdkneh dh jpuk djus dk n`<+ ladYi Hkkjrh; lekt foKku vdkneh dks LFkkfir djus ,oa lkdkj cukus ds ihNs FkkA Hkkjrh; lekt foKku vdkneh Lora= Hkkjr esa fcYdqy ,d u, foKku dk |ksrd gS( ml foKku dk ftlesa Hkkjrh; tuekul dh yksdrkaf=d vko’;drk,Ws] egRokdka{kk] lajpukRed {kerk @izo`fRr] bfrgkl] ijEijk ,oa laLd`fr ifjyf{kr gksrh gks rFkk ftlesa foKku dh lHkh ’kk[kkvksa dk laxe ,oa lekxe gksA bldh LFkkiuk izd`fr&euq";&lekt ds foKku dh ,drk dh u;h izfØ;k dh 'kq:vkr dk izrhd gSA foKku dh lHkh 'kk[kkvksa ds chp ikjLifjd lEcU/k ,oa ,drk LFkkfir djuk bl vkUnksyu dk ije y{; gSA
foKku dk vFkZ gS futhZo ,oa ltho oLrqvksa@phtksa@inkFkksZa ds ckjsa esa ^oLrqfu"B^ Kku] vkSj Kku dk vFkZ gS fdlh Hkh oLrq@pht@inkFkZ ds ckjsa esa ^D;k^] ^dSls^ ,oa ^D;ksa^ iz’u dk mRrjA vk/kqfud foKku esa ^izd`fr^ esa lHkh futhZo ,oa ltho inkFkZ lfEefyr gSA euq"; ,oa lekt izd`fr ds vfHkUu vax gSaA vr,o izd`fr&euq";&lekt dks ,dkdh foKku dh vko’;drk gSA blfy, HkkSfrd foKku] jlk;u foKku] tho foKku] tUrq foKku] i;kZoj.k foKku] d`f"k foKku] lekt foKku vkfn ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gSa vkSj muesa ikjLifjd ,drk ds cxSj ^izd`fr&euq";&lekt^ dk ,dkdh foKku laHko ugha gSA
oLrqfu"B Kku ds :i esa foKku lkewfgd ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd Je dh mit gSA ;g ckr rc vkSj Li"V gks tkrh gS tc ge bl ckr ij /;ku nsrs gSa fd vk/kqfud foKku vR;f/kd laxfBr gSA tks dqN lkewfgd Je ls mitrk gS mls lekt dgk tkrk gSA vr,oa foKku dk ewy LoHkko lekt gSA tks lekt gS og lkoZtfud gS ;k lHkh ds fy, gSA blesa ^futh^ dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA vr,ao foKku dk dk;Z Hkh lekt gSA foKku dk Kku lHkh dh HkykbZ ds fy, gSA
bl izdkj ls ^lekt foKku^ esa lHkh foKku dh 'kk[kk;sa feyrh gSa vkSj ,d u;h bdkbZ dks tUe nsrh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt foKku vdkneh bl foKku dh u;h vo/kkj.kk ij [kM+h gSA
Hkkjr dh Bksl /kjrh ij ^izd`fr&euq";&lekt^ ds bl u;s foKku dks [kkstuk] fodflr djuk ,oa izlkfjr djuk Hkkjrh; lekt foKku vdkneh dk y{; gSA bl u;s foKku ds }kjk ,d ,sls u;s Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k laHko gS ftlesa dksbZ Hkw[kk&uaxk] xjhc] csjkstxkj] vui<+] jksxh] ?kj&foghu u gks] ftlesa ywV&ikV] ekj&ihV] cykRdkj] fgalk vkfn dk ukeksfu’kku u gks vkSj tgka lHkh Hkkjrh; vPNk HkkSfrd] vkfFkZd] lekt ,oa lkaLd`frd thou ;kiu djrs gksa vkSj tgka izd`fr] euq"; ,oa lekt ds chp Hkzkr`Ro ,oa fe=rk ds lEcU/k gksssA
Hkkjrh; lekt foKku vdkneh ds laLFkkidksa dk ;g n`<+ fo’okl Fkk fd Hkkjr esa foKku Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds dke rHkh vk ldrk gS tc Hkkjr esa foKku Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk esa gksA tc rd foKku dk lapkj vaxsth Hkk"kk ds }kjk gksxk rc rd u rks Hkkjrh; yksxksa dh oSKkfud lajpukRed {kerk c<+sxh vkSj u gh Hkkjrh; yksxksa dh HkykbZ gksxhA blfy, Hkkjrh; lekt foKku vdkneh us Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk esa vuqla/kku ,oa f’k{k.k ds fy, vuqla/kku if=dkvksa] fdrkcksa] vkfn dk izdkf’kr djus dk y{; cuk;kA
Hkkjrh; lekt foKku vdkneh viuk y{; v/kksfyf[kr dk;ksZ ds }kjk gkfly djus dk iz;kl djrh gS%&

1. 
   Hkkjrh; lekt foKku vf/kos'ku
   
2. 
   jkT; dsUnz@jkT; vdkneh
   
3. 
   jkT; Lrjh; lekt foKku vf/kos'ku
   
4. 
   vuqla/kku ,oa izf’k{k.k dsUnz
   

¼v½ xzkeh.k fodkl v/;;u dsaUnz

¼c½ losZ{k.k vuqla/kku dsUnz

¼l½ lS)kfUrd ,oa uhfr yksd foKku vuqla/kku dsUnz

5. 
   vuqla/kku if=dk;sa
   

¼v½ Hkkjrh; lekt fpUru

¼c½ lkef;d lekt fpUru

¼l½ vdkneh lekpkj i=

6. 
   ;qok foKkuh dsUnz
   
7. 
   vf[ky Hkkjrh; ;qokfoKkuh vf/kos'ku
   
8. 
   Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa oSKkfud if=dk ,oa iqLrdksa dk izdk'ku
   
9. 
   foKku lapkj
   
10. 
    oSKkfud iqLrdky;
    
11. 
    LFkkuh;@{ks=h;@jk"Vªh;@vUrjk"Vªh; xks"Bh] ifjppkZA
    
12. 
    fo’ofo|ky;ksa] egkfo|ky;ksa] vuqla/kku laLFkkvksa] iz;ksx'kkykvksa rFkk vkj0 ,.M Mh0 laxBuksa ds lkFk fujUrj la?kkrA
    

INDIAN ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES