Instream Flow Council Instream flow and stream ecology literature OctoberApril 104, 2016 hb

Sheppard, J.D., and J.H. Johnson. 1985. Probabilityofuse for depth, velocity, and substrate by subyearling coho salmon and steelhead in Lake Ontario tributary streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5 (2B): 277282.
Sher, A.A., D.L. Marshall, and S.A. Gilbert. 2000. Competition between native Populus deltoides and invasive Tamarix ramosissima and the implications of reestablishing flooding disturbance. Conservation Biology 14: 1744-1754.
Sheridan, W.L. 1962. Waterflow through a salmon spawning riffle in southeastern Alaska. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Rep. - Fish. 407. 20 pp.
Sherton, C.C. 1981. Preserving instream flows in Oregon’s rivers and streams. Environmental Law 11: 379-419.
Shiau, J.-T., and F.-C. Wu. 2004. Feasible diversion and instream flow release using range of variability approach. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 130: 395-404.
Shiau, J.-T., and F.-C. Wu. 2007. Pareto-optimal solutions for environmental flow schemes incorporating the intra-annual and interannual variability of the natural flow regime. Water Resource Research 43: W06433.
Shields, A. 1936. Application of similarity principles and turbulence research to bed load movement. Translated from German by W.P. Ott and J.C. van Uchelen. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service Cooperative Laboratory , California Institute of Technology, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Publication 167, Pasadena, California.
Shields, F.D., Jr., S.S. Knight, and C.M. Cooper. 1994. Effects of channel incision on base flow stream habitat and fishes. Environmental Management 18: 43-57.
Shields, F.D., Jr., S.S. Knight, and C.M. Cooper. 1995. Use of biotic integrity to assess physical habitat degradation in warmwater streams. Hydrobiologia 312: 191-208.
Shields, F.D., Jr., S.S. Knight, C.M. Cooper , and S.I. Testa. 2003. Use of acoustic Doppler current profilers to describe velocity distributions at the reach scale. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39: 1397-1408.
Shields, F.D., Jr., and J. Rigby. 2005. River habitat quality from river velocities measured using acoustic Doppler current profiler. Environmental Management 36: 565-575.
Shields, F.D., A. Simon, and L.J. Steffen. 2000. Reservoir effects on downstream river channel migration. Environmental Conservation 27: 54-66.
Shipley, B., P.A. Keddy, and L.P. Lefkovitch. 1991. Mechanisms producing plant zonation along a water depth gradient: a comparison with the exposure gradient. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 1420-1424.
Shirazi, M.A., and W.K. Seim. 1981. Stream system evaluation with emphasis on spawning habitat for salmonids. Water Resources Research 17: 592-594.

Shirvell, C.S. 1986. Pitfalls of physical habitat simulation in the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1460: 68 pp.

Shirvell, C.S. 1989. Ability of PHABSIM to predict chinook salmon spawning habitat. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 3 (14): 277289.
Shirvell, C.S. 1989. Habitat models and their predictive capability to infer habitat effects on stock size. In: C.D. Levings, L.B. Holtby, and M.A. Henderson (eds.), Proceedings of the National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 105. Pp. 173-179.
Shirvell, C.S. 1990. Role of instream rootwads as juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) cover habitat under varying streamflows. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47 (5): 852861. Doi:10.1139/f90-098.
Shirvell, C.S. 1994. Effects of changes in streamflow on the microhabitat use and movements of sympatric juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in a natural stream. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51 (7): 16441652.
Shirvell, C.S., and R.G. Dungey. 1983. Microhabitats chosen by brown trout for feeding and spawning in rivers. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112 (3): 355-367.
Shirvell, C.S., and D.L. Morantz. 1983. Assessment of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology for Atlantic salmon in Nova Scotia. Transactions Canadian Electrical Association, Engineering and Operation Division, Vol. 22, 83-H-108, Montreal.
Shoji, J., and M. Tanaka. 2006. Influences of spring river flow on the recruitment of Japanese seaperch Lateolabrax japonicus into the Chikugo estuary, Japan. Scientia Marina 2: 159-164.
Shoup, D.E., and D.H. Wahl. 2009. Fish diversity and abundance in relation to interannual and lake-specific variation in abiotic characteristics of floodplain lakes of the lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 138: 1076-1092.
Shrestha, R.R., D.L. Peters, and M.A. Schnorbus. 2013. Evaluating the ability of a hydrologic model to replicate hydro-ecologically relevant indicators. Hydrological Processes doi: 10.1002/hyp.9997
Shtaf, L.G., D.S. Pavlov, M.A. Skorobogativ, and A.S. Baryekian. 1983. [Fish behavior as affected by the degree of flow turbulence.] Voprosy Ikhtiologii 3: 307-317. (In Russian)
Shuler, S.W., and R.B. Nehring. 1993. Using the Physical Habitat Simulation Model to evaluate a stream habitat enhancement project. Rivers 4: 175-193.
Shuler, S.W., R.B. Nehring, and K.D. Fausch. 1994. Diel habitat selection by brown trout in the Rio Grande River, Colorado, after placement of boulder structures. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14: 99-111.
Shumway, D.L., G.E. Warren, and P. Doudoroff. 1964. Influence of oxygen concentration and water movement on the growth of steelhead trout and coho salmon embryos. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 93 (4): 342-356.
Shuter, B.J., and J.R. Post. 1990. Climate, population variability, and the zoogeography of temperate fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119: 314-336.
Sidle, J.G., D.E. Carlson, E.M. Kirsch, and J.J. Dinan. 1992. Flooding mortality and habitat renewal for least terns and piping plovers. Colonial Waterbirds 15: 132-136.
Sidle, R.C., and A.M. Milner. 1989. Stream development in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 21: 350-363.
Siebentritt, M.A., G.G. Ganf, and K.F. Walker. 2004. Effects of an enhanced flood on riparian plants of the River Murray, South Australia. River Research and Applications 20: 765-774.

Sierra, J.P., A. Sanchez-Arcilla, P.A. Figueras, J. Gonzalez del Rio, E.K. Rasmussen, and C. Mosso. 2004. Effects of discharge reductions on salt wedge dynamics of the Ebro River. River Research and Applications 20: 61-77.

Sigafoos, R.S. 1961. Vegetation in relation to flood frequency near Washington, D.C. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 424-C, pp. 248-249.
Silk, N., J. McDonald, and R. Wigington. 2000. Turning instream flow water rights upside down. Rivers 7: 298-313.
Silliman, B.R., van de Koppel, M.D. Bertness, L.E. Stanton, and L.A. Mendelssohn. 2005. Drought, snails, and large-scale die-off of southern U.S. salt marshes. Science 310 (5755): 1803-1806. Doi: 10.1126/science.1118229.
Silver, S.J., G.E. Warren, and P. Doudoroff. 1963. Dissolved oxygen requirements of developing steelhead trout and chinook salmon embryos at different water velocities. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 92 (4): 327-343.
Simcox, B.L., D.R. DeVries, and R.A. Wright. 2015. Migratory characteristics and passage of paddlefish at two southeastern U.S. lock-and-dam systems. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 144 (3): 456-466. Doi: 10.1080/00028487.2014.995832.
Simkins, D.G., W.A. Hubert, and T.A. Wesche. 2000. Effects of fall-to-winter changes in habitat and frazil ice on the movements and habitat use of juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129: 101-118.
Simm, D.J., D.E. Walling, P.D. Bates, and M.G. Anderson. 1997. The potential application of finite element modelling of flood plain inundation to predict patterns of overbank deposition. Hydrological Sciences 42: 859-875.
Simmons, D.L., and R.J. Reynolds. 1982. Effect of urbanization on base flow of selected south-shore streams, Long Island, New York. Water Resources Bulletin 18: 797-805.
Simon, A. 1989. A model of channel response in disturbed alluvial channels. Earth Surf. Proc. Land. 14: 11-26.
Simon, A., W. Dickerson, and A. Heins. 2004. Suspended-sediment transport rates at the 1.5-year recurrence interval for ecoregions of the United States: Transport conditions at the bankfull and effective discharge? Geomorphology 58(1-4): 243-262.
Simon, A., and M. Rinaldi. 2006. Disturbance, stream incision, and channel evolution: The roles of excess transport capacity and boundary materials in controlling channel response. Geomorphology 79: 361-383.
Simons, D.B., 1979. Effects of stream regulation on channel morphology. Pp. 95-111 in J.V. Ward and J.A. Stanford, editors. The ecology of regulated streams. Plenum Press, New York.
Simonson, T.D., J. Lyons, and P.D. Kanehl. 1994. Quantifying fish habitat in streams: transect spacing, sample size, and a proposed framework. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14: 607-615.
Simonson, T.D., and R.J. Neves. 1993. Habitat suitability and reproductive traits of the orangefin madtom Noturus gilberti (Pisces: Ictaluridae). American Midland Naturalist 127: 115-124.
Simonson, T.D., and W.A. Swenson. 1990. Critical stream velocities for young-of-year smallmouth bass in relation to habitat use. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119 (5): 902-909.
Simpkins, D.G., W.A. Hubert, C.M. del Rio, and D.C. Rule. 2004. Constraints of body size and swimming velocity on the ability of juvenile rainbow trout to endure periods without food. J. Fish Biol. 65: 530-544.
Simpkins, D.G., W.A. Hubert, and T.A. Wesche. 2000. Effects of fall-to-winter changes in habitat and frazil ice on the movements and habitat use of juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129 (1): 101-118. Doi:10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0101:EOFTWC>2.0.CO;2.
Simpkins, D.G., W.A. Hubert, and T.A. Wesche. 2000. Effects of a spring flushing flow on the distribution of radio-tagged juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20: 546-551.
Simpkins, D.G., W.A. Hubert, C. Martinez del Rio, and D.C. Rule. 2004. Constraints of body size and swimming velocity on the ability of juvenile rainbow trout to endure periods without food. Journal of Fish Biology 65: 530-544.
Simpson, W.G., and K.G. Ostrand. 2012. Effects of entrainment and bypass at screened irrigation canals on juvenile steelhead. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 141 (3): 599-609/ doi: 10.1080/00028487.2012.683473
Sindt, A.R., M.C. Quist, and C.L. Pierce. 2012. Habitat associations of fish species of greatest conservation need at multiple spatial scales in wadeable Iowa streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 32 (6): 1046-1061. Doi: 10.1080/02755947.2012.716015.
Singer, G.A., M. Panzenbock, G. Weigelhofer, C. Marchesani, J. Waringer, W. Wanek, and T.J. Battin. 2005. Flow history explains temporal and spatial variation of carbon fractionation in stream periphyton. Limnology and Oceanography 50: 706-712.
Singer, M.B., and T. Dunne. 2006. Modeling the influence of river rehabilitation scenarios on bed material flux in a large river over decadal timescales. Water Resources Research 42: W12415.
Singh, K.P., and S.M. Broeren. 1989. Hydraulic geometry of streams and stream habitat assessment. J. Water Res. Planning Manag. 115: 583-597.
Sinha, M., M.K. Mukhopadhyay, P.M. Mitra, M.M. Bagchi, and H.C. Karamkar. 1996. Impact of the Farakka barrage on the hydrology and fishery of the Hooghly Estuary. Estuaries 19 (3): 710-722.
Sinokrot, B.A., and J.S. Gulliver. 2000. In-stream flow impact on river water temperatures. Journal of Hydraulic Research 38: 339-349.
Skagen, S.K., C.P. Melcher, W.H. Howe, and F.L. Knopf. 1998. Comparative use of riparian corridors and oases by migrating birds in southeast Arizona. Conservation Biology 12: 896-909.
Skidmore, P.B. 2006. Assessment of Freshwater Systems in Washington State. The Nature Conservancy, Seattle. (http://waconservation.org/freshwaterAssessment.shtml)
Sklar, F.H. and J.A. Browder. 1998. Coastal environmental impacts brought about by alterations to freshwater flow in the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Management 22 (4): 547-562. Doi: 10.1007/s002679900127.
Sklar, F.H., and W.H. Conner. 1979. Effects of altered hydrology on primary production and aquatic animal populations in a Louisiana swamp forest. Pp. 191-208 in: J.W. Day, Jr., editor. Third Coastal Marsh and Estuary Management Symposium. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
Skreslet, S. (ed.) 1986. The role of freshwater outflow in coastal marine ecosystems. NATO ASI Series, G edition. Springer, Berlin.
Skreslet, S. 1986. Freshwater outflow in relation to space and time dimensions of complex ecological interactions in coastal waters, p. 3-12. In: S. Skreslet (ed.). The role of freshwater outflow in coastal marine ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
Skyfield, J.P., and G.D. Grossman. 2008. Microhabitat use, movements and abundance of gilt darters (Percina evides) in southern Appalachian (USA) streams. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 17: 219-230.
Slaney, T.L., K.D. Hyatt, T.G. Northcote, and R.J. Fielden. 1996. Status of anadromous salmon and trout in British Columbia and Yukon. Fisheries 21 (10): 20-35. Doi: 10.1577/1548-8446(1996)021<0020:SOASAT>2.0.CO;2.
Slavik, O., L. Bartok, and P. Horky. 2009. Effect of river fragmentation and flow regulation on occurrence of landlocked brown trout in a fish ladder. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25: 67-72.
Slavik, O., P. Horky, and L. Bartos. Slavik, O., P. Horky. 2009. Occurrence of cyprinids in fish ladders in relation to flow. Biologia 64: 999-1004.
Slavik, O., P. Horky, T. Randak, P. Balvin, and M. Bily. 2012. Brown trout spawning migration in fragmented central European headwaters: effect of isolation by artificial obstacles and the moon phase. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 141 (3): 673-680. Doi: 10.1080/00028487.2012.675897
Slinger, J.K. 2000. Decision support for the conservation and management of estuaries: Final report of the predictive capability sub-project of the co-ordinated research program. WRC Report No. 577/2/00. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, S. Africa.
Slinger, J.H., S Taljaard, and J.L. Largier. 1994. Changes in estuarine water quality in response to a freshwater flow event, p. 551-56. In: K.R. Dyer and R.J Orth (eds.), Changes in fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark.
Sloat, M.R., and G.H. Reeves. 2014. Demographic and phenotype responses of juvenile steelhead trout to spatial predictability of food resoures. Ecology 95 (9): 2423-2433.
Sloto, R.A., and M.Y. Crouse. 1996. HYSEP: a computer program for streamflow hydrograph separation and analysis. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4040.
Smakhtin, V.Y. 2001. Low flow hydrology: a review. Journal of Hydrology 240: 147-186.
Smahktin, V.U., and M. Anputhas. 2006. An Assessment of Environmental Flow Requirements of Indian River Basins. IWMI Research Report 107. International Water Management Institute, Columbo, Sri Lanka.
Smakhtin, V., C. Revenga, and P. Doll. 2004. A pilot global assessment of environmental water requirements and scarcity. Water International 29: 307-317.
Smart, G.M. 1999. Turbulent velocity profiles and boundary shear in gravel bed rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1 and25: 106-116.
Smetacek, V.S. 1986. Impact of freshwater discharge on production and transfer of materials in the marine environment. Pages 85-106 in: S. Skeslet (ed.). The role of freshwater outflow in coastal marine ecosystems. Springer, Berlin.
Smiley, P.C., and E.D. Dibble. 2005. Implications of a hierarchical relationship among channel form, instream habitat, and stream communities for restoration of channelized streams. Hydrobiologia 548: 279-292. Doi: 10.1007/s10750-005-5447-9.
Smith, A.K. 1973. Development and application of spawning velocity and depth criteria for Oregon salmonids. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 102 (2): 312-316.
Smith, B.D. 2000. Trends in wild adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) abundance for snowmelt-driven watersheds of British Columbia in relation to freshwater discharge. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (2): 285-297. Doi: 10.1139/f99-255.
Smith, C.B. 2011. Adaptive management on the central Platte River – science, engineering, and decision analysis to assist in the recovery of four species. Journal of Environmental Management 92: 1414-1419. Doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.013
Smith, D.L. 2003. The shear flow environment of juvenile salmonids. Doctoral dissertation. University of Idaho, Moscow.
Smith, D.L., and E.L. Brannon. 2007. Influence of cover on mean column hydraulic characteristics in small pool-riffle morphology streams. River Research and Applications 23: 125-139.

Smith, D.L., E.L. Brannon, and M. Odeh. 2005. Response of juvenile rainbow trout to turbulence produced by prismatoidal shapes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134 (3): 217-229.

Smith, D.L., E.L. Brannon, B. Shafii, and M. Odeh. 2006. Use of the average and fluctuating velocity components for estimation of volitional rainbow trout density. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135 (2): 431-441.
Smith, F.E. 1976. Water development impact on fish resources and associated values on the Trinity River, California. Pp. 98-111 in: J.F. Orsborn and C.H. Allman (eds.) Instream Flow Needs, vol. ii, Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.
Smith, G.L. (Ed.) 1979. Proceedings, workshop in instream flow habitat criteria and modeling. Colorado Water Resour. Res. Inst. Inform. Ser. 40. (Available at: http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/G/7089263.pdf)
Smith, G.W. 1990. The relationship between river flow and net catches of salmon (Salm salar L.) in and around the mouth of the Aberdeenshire Dee between 1973 and 1986. Fish. Res. 10: 73-91. Doi: 10.1016/0165-7836(90)90016-0.
Smith, G.W., I.P. Smith, and S.M. Armstrong. 1994. The relationship between river flow and entry to the Aberdeenshire Dee by returning adult Atlantic salmon. J. Fish. Biol. 45: 953-960.
Smith, I.M., and M.J. Sale. 1993. Standardizing instream flow requirements at hydropower projects in the Cascades Mountains, Washington. Pp. 286-295 in W.D. Hall, ed. Waterpower ‘93, proceedings of the international conference on hydropower. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
Smith, J.C., F. Berube, and N.E. Bergeron. 2005. A field application of particle image velocimetry (PIV) for the measurement of surface flow velocities in aquatic habitat studies. Special issue of the Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing: Proceedings of the 26^th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing: Managing resources and monitoring the environment, Wolfville, Nova Scotia. 32 (2): paper no. 87.
Smith, J.J., and H.W. Li. 1984. Energetic factors influencing foraging tactics of juvenile steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri. Pp. 173-180 in: D.L.G. Noakes et al. (eds.) Predators and prey in fishes. The Hague: Junk Publishers.
Smith, M., H. Caswell, and P. Mettler-Cherry. 2005. Stochastic flood and precipitation regimes and the population dynamics of a threatened floodplain plant. Ecological Applications 21: 609-628.
Smith, M.C. 2006. Habitat use of early Alosa spp. and striped bass Morone saxatilis in the lower Tar River, North Carolina. Master’s thesis. East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.
Smith, M.C., and R.A. Rulifson. Overlapping habitat use of multiple anadromous fish species in a restricted coastal watershed. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 144 (6): 1178-1183. Doi: 10.1080/00028487.2015.1074617.
Smith, R.D., R.C. Sidle, and P.E. Porter. 1993. Effects on bedload transport of experimental removal of woody debris from a forest gravel-bed river. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 18 (5): 455-468. Doi:10.1002/esp.3290180507.
Smith, S.D., D.A. Devitt, A. Sala, J.R. Cleverly, and D.E. Busch. 1998. Water relations of riparian plants from warm desert regions. Wetlands 18: 687-696.
Smith, S.D., J.L. Nachlinger, A.B. Wellington, and Fox. 1989. Water relations of obligate riparian plants as a function of streamflow diversion on the Bishop Creek watershed. Pp. 360-365 in: D.L. Abell (ed) California riparian systems conference: Protection, management and restoration for the 1990s. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-110.
Smith, S.D., R.B. Wellington, J. Nachlinger, and Fox. 1991. Functional responses of riparian vegetation to streamflow diversion in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Ecological Applications 1 (1): 89-97.
Smith, S.G., W.D. Muir, E.E. Hockersmith, R.W. Zabel, R.J. Graves, C.V. Ross, W.P. Connor, and B.D. Arnesberg. 2003. Influence of river conditions on survival and travel time of Snake River subyearling fall Chinook salmon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23 (3): 939-961.
Smith, S.G., W.D. Muir, J.G. Williams, and J.R. Skalski. 2002. Factors associated with travel time and survival of migrant yearling chinook salmon and steelhead in the lower Snake River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22 (2): 385-405.
Smith, S.M., J.S. Odenkirk, and S.J. Reeser. 2005. Smallmouth bass recruitment variability and its relation to stream discharge in three Virginia rivers. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25: 1112-1121. Doi: 10.1577/M04-047.1
Smith, T.A., and C.E. Kraft. 2005. Stream fish assemblages in relation to landscape position and local habitat variables. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134 (2): 430-440.
Smock, L.A., J.E. Gladden, J.L. Riekenberg, L.C. Smith, and C.R. Black. 1992. Lotic macroinvertebrate production in three dimensions: channel surface, hyporheic, and floodplain environments. Ecology 73: 876-886.
Smoker, W.A. 1953. Stream flow and silver salmon production in western Washington. Washington Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers 1 (1): 5-12.
Smoker, W.A. 1955. Effects of streamflow on silver salmon production in western Washington. Doctoral dissertation. University of Washington, Department of Fisheries, Seattle.
Smoker, W.A. 1956. Preliminary report on Minter Creek streamflows on the juvenile production of silver salmon, chum salmon and steelhead trout. Unpublished report, Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia.
Smokorowski, K.E., R.A. Metcalfe, S.D. Finucan, N. Jones, J. Marty, M. Power, R.S. Pyrce, and R. Steele. 2010. Ecosystem level assessment of environmentally based flow restrictions for maintaining ecosystem integrity: a comparison of a modified peaking versus unaltered river. Ecohydrology 4 (6): 791-806. Doi: 10.1002/eco.167
Smolders, A.J.P., M.A. Guerrero Hiza, G. van der Velde, and J.G.M. Roelofs. 2002. Dynamics of discharge, sediment transport, heavy metal pollution and sabalo (Prochilodus lineatus) catches in the lower Pilcomato River (Bolivia). River Research and Applications 18 (5): 415-428.
Snedaker, S., D. De Sylva, and D. Cottrell. 1977. A review of the role of freshwater in estuarine ecosystems. Final report, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Brooksville, Florida.

Snedden, G.A., W.E. Kelso, and D.A. Rutherford. 1999. Diel and seasonal patterns of spotted gar movement and habitat use in the lower Atchafalaya River basin, Louisiana. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128: 144-154.

Snelder, T.H., and B.J.F. Biggs. 2002. Multi-scale environment classification for water resource management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38: 1225-1240.
Snelder, T.H., B.J.F. Biggs, and R.A. Woods. 2005. Improved eco-hydrological classification of rivers. River Research and Applications 21: 609-628. Doi: 10.1002/rra.826.