K. M. University, India Christianity in the Land of Santhals: a study of Resistance and Acceptance in Historical Perspective(03U)

Tsukamoto, Keisho

Tohoku University, Japan

The Formation of the Lotus Sutra's Teaching of Integration and Its Background(09M)

The Lotus Sutra teaches that the three vehicles of Buddhism (those of the zravakas, pratyekabuddhas and bodhisattvas) are expedient teachings that are integrated into the true vehicle, the one Buddha-vehicle. The Prajaparamitasutra of early Mahayana Buddhism emphasized the superiority of the bodhisattva practice of benefiting both oneself and others, to the point of stating that the other two vehicles could not attain buddhahood. But because the bodhisattva vows to save all people, the teaching provided a resolution of this contradiction. A historical clue to the religious integration found in the Lotus Sutra is provided by a stupa of the Double-headed eagle (B.C. 1 cent.) at Taxila. The builders of the stupa had intended to symbolize the integration into the Buddhist sangha, or community of believers, of Taxila's variegated population of Greeks, Scythians, Parthians, and Indians. Since the second century B.C. Gandhara's rulers had adopted a policy of integrating religions and cultures. Evidence is seen in their coins, which bear the king's names and titles, religious symbols, and the names and depictions of Greek, semi-Greek, Persian, Hindu, and Buddhist deities.

Roundtable session
Tsukimoto, Akio

Rikkyo University, Japan

Conflict and Peace in the Old Testament(02N)

It is often pointed out that the monotheistic religions have violent tendencies. In this panel we will focus on the Hebrew Bible, which is thought to have generated the main monotheistic religions of today, and discuss the idea of war and peace and its significance in history.

Organized panel, * Session Abstract
Tsukimoto, Akio

Rikkyo University, Japan

Peace in the Book of Hosea(02N)

Amos, the first writing prophet in ancient Israel, is called "prophet of divine judgment" because he accurately predicted the coming of "swords (=war)" and famines, but never of peace. Hosea, who appeared after two decades, not only announced divine judgment on his people, but also depicted a peaceful time to come in the future, as Isaiah did in Judah. In this paper the characteristics of Hosea's idea of peace will be clarified by analyzing Hos 2: 18-25 and a critical review of the preceding studies on this passage.

Organized panel
Tsukimoto, Akio

Rikkyo University, Japan

Religion and Peace in the Ancient Near East(03N)

In this panel we examine religious documents in the cuneiform script and discuss some significant aspects of Ancient Near Eastern religions in relation to peace.

Organized panel, * Session Abstract
Tsukimoto, Akio

Rikkyo University, Japan

Peace with the Dead: In the Case of Mesopotamia(03N)

In my book "Die Totenpflege im alten Mesopotamien" (published in 1985), I analyzed kispu (m), an Akkadian term for the funeral offerings and clarified ancestor worship in ancient Mesopotamia. In this paper I will examine the cuneiform materials that could not be used in the book and reconsider some aspects of ancestor worship in ancient Mesopotamia from the viewpoint of "peace with the dead."

Organized panel
Tsukui, Sadao

Osaka University, Japan

Some Aspects of Christianity in Russia and Japan: Leo Tolstoy and Uchimura Kanzo(05T)

Based on the literature of religious incidents, we can analyze social conditions at that time and the inner worlds of those involved. If there are some parallel features between incidents in different countries, they may serve for us to examine socio-religious differences between these countries. In this sense, it is interesting to examine the excommunication of L.Tolstoy and the lese majesty incident of Uchimura Kanzo side by side. They were both religiously active at the turn of the 19th-20th century, with Tolstoy starting about two decades earlier. Their religious activity has some common features: belief out of church, emphasis on the Bible and pacifism (Uchimura only after the Japanese-Sino War). But there is a big difference: Tolstoy lived under the Russian state-church system, while Uchimura began his Christian life at the beginning of the remarkable growth and spread of Christianity in Japan. Their activities also reflect socio-cultural characteristics of the two countries.

Organized panel, English, Russian (, Japanese)
Tsuneki, Kentaro

Kyoto University, Japan

The "Impersonal" Character of "Capital" and "Brotherly Love" in Max Weber(09R)

Max Weber (1864-1920) insists in his seminal work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" (1904-05) that Christian "brotherly love" assumed a peculiarly "impersonal" character in Protestantism and that this was important for the genesis of "the spirit of capitalism." Weber had already used the term "impersonal" in his Exchange I (1894). In this work, Weber argued that the medieval system of serfs and lords was "personal," but that the modern relationship between capitalists and shareholders was "impersonal," and that the "impersonal" character of "capital" caused speculation in acts of exchange. In this paper, I compare these two discussions of the "impersonal" and show how this concept stands in relationship to the "ideal types" of "modernity" that are likewise discussed in the two works cited above.

Organized panel, Japanese
Tsuru, Shin'ichi

Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan

A Concept of Responsibility as a Consciousness of Being an Assailant: ethics and religion in H. Jonas' The Imperative of Responsibility(08Q)

Where does responsibility come from? H. Jonas regarded new ethics in the technological age as future ethics, the first principle of which consists in "responsibility." His concept of responsibility is demanded as an exigency when a powerful party influences the existence of a powerless one, and in this sense responsibility comes from "a consciousness of being an assailant." Jonas found the feeling of responsibility on the life's demand of being and insists this foundation should be done without "the sacred." But he qualifies his new ethics as "ethics of fear and reverence;" we associate his idea of not hurting life with an attitude to the sacred in an animistic view of nature. From this point of view, we try to search the concept of responsibility that Jonas presents for a new relation between religion and ethics.

Symposium, Japanese
Tsuruoka, Yoshio

University of Tokyo, Japan

Christian Theology and Religious Studies: A Critical Engagement(03Q)

*respondent

Organized panel
Tsuruoka, Yoshio

University of Tokyo, Japan

Mysticism and Violence(06Q)

*respondent

Organized panel
Tsurushima, Akira

Hokkaido University, Japan

The Suffering God in Bonhoeffer's Theology(10Q)

My aim is to consider how Dietrich Bonhoeffer's idea of "the suffering God" in his Letters and Papers from Prison - "God is weak and powerless in the world," "Only the suffering God can help" - is related to other concepts which he often used ("person," "freedom," "vicarious," etc.) in his theology. It will be clear that the idea of "the suffering God" involves not only the individual relationship of Christians (the Existence of the believer), but also the perspective of community and church.

Organized panel
Tsushiro, Hirofumi

University of Tsukuba, Japan

The Mobilization of Deep Culture (Shinso-Bunka) into Public Religions(01P)

The term "Deep Culture" is a literal translation of the Japanese Shinso-Bunka, which implies hidden or unconscious dimensions of culture. Various resources in Deep Culture can and have been mobilized into Public Religions. In this paper, I would like to illustrate two schemes: (1) A typology of Public Religion from the viewpoint of the religious-political-cultural complex. (2) The channel of mobilization from Deep Culture to Public Religion. The combination of these two schemes can be used as a convenient viewpoint on the relation of religion and society.

Organized panel, English
Tsushiro, Hirofumi

University of Tsukuba, Japan

Theological Metaphors: Fathers, Mothesr, Founders(07T)

*chairperson

Organized panel
Tsutsui, Fumio

Kansaigaidai College, Japan

Jamesian View of Religion in Empiricism(10Q)

The Radical Empiricism of William James reveals his deep and lifelong interest in human experience, and he is known for developing a new type of empiricism thoroughly reflecting experience itself. In The Varieties of Religious Experience he analyzes a specific kind of experience beyond that of the natural - I.e., religious experience. Concerning the relation of these two he says: "[R]eligious experience…needs…to be carefully considered and interpreted by every one who aspires to reason out a more complete philosophy." Although James' empiricism could be interpreted merely as one of 'natural' experience, I argue that it still remains incomplete unless inclusive of religious experience. This paper will clarify the Jamesian view of religion in empiricism, focusing on two central issues; (1) the specificity of religious experience and (2) the relation between natural and religious experience.

Organized panel, English
Tsutsui, Tadashi

Nagoya University, Japan

Japanese Migration in California and Jyodo Shinshu Buddhism(08F)

Since the end of the 19th century, many Japanese immigrated to the US with the dream of making a fortune in the land of freedom and opportunity. However, what was waiting for many immigrants was often discrimination and persecution. The Hompa Hongwanji sent reverends to the United States and began a Shin Buddhist mission in 1899. Before long, Buddhist Churches were established in various places throughout the West Coast. The Buddhist Church served as a refuge center for the immigrants, where they were protected from discrimination and prejudice. Buddhist Churches greatly contributed to the formation and the development of the Japanese community and functioned as the center of the community. Shin Buddhism also helped acculturation through the influence of Christianity.

Organized panel, Japanese
Tu, Xiaofei

Syracuse University, USA

Two Faces of a Politicized Woman: From Comrade Jiang Qing to the 'White-boned Demon'(03C)

In this paper I explore the life of Jiang Qing, the wife of the former Chinese leader Mao Zedong, in relation to Chinese Communism. Jiang Qing joined the CCP as a "new woman" produced by a "new era:" an idealistic wannabe social reformer armed with radical leftist ideology. On the other hand, some basic rules of the political game remained the same in the Communist movement as in traditional Chinese politics: a woman gains power by marrying a powerful man. Still, as a woman, her involvement in politics was resisted by the party elders, which, I argue, helps explain her reputed aggressiveness and cruelty during the Cultural Revolution when she caught her chance to vent out her resentment. Debunking the image of a heroine and the caricature of an over-ambitious opportunist, I try to explore the dynamics of womanhood, ideology, and violence in the tragic life of a 20th-century Chinese woman.

Organized panel, English
Tweed, Thomas A.

University of North Carolina, USA

American Occultism and Japanese Buddhism: Albert J. Edmunds, D. T. Suzuki, and Transnational Religious Flows(17E)

Transnational contacts shaped religious life in Meiji Japan and late-Victorian and early-Modernist America as artifacts, practices, and people crossed the Pacific in a complex cultural flow. In this paper, I analyze an exchange that has been overlooked. I focus on Albert J. Edmunds (1857-1941), a British-American Buddhist sympathizer who attended spiritualist seances and celebrated "psychic phenomena," and I consider the ways that Western occult traditions were part of the complicated transnational exchanges between Japan and America. Many of the most important European-American Buddhist advocates - including Olcott, Vetterling, and Canavarro - favored a hybrid religion that combined American occult traditions and strands of Asian Buddhism. Although he is less widely known, Edmunds was one node in the circulation of occult beliefs back and forth across the Pacific. He corresponded with Anesaki Masaharu, one of the founders of Religious Studies in Japan, and even collaborated on a book with him. Edmunds also had exchanges with Suzuki Daisetsu Teitaro (a.k.a. D. T. Suzuki), and that is my focus in this paper. Drawing on English language archival sources in the United States and Japan, I trace their exchanges about occult traditions, especially Swedenborgianism, a topic that Suzuki went on to discuss in public lectures and published volumes.

Organized panel, English
Ueda, Noboru

Mejiro University, Japan

On Dignāga's Hierarchical Understanding of śabdārtha(13M)

As is well known, DignAga claims that the meaning of word is anyApoha "exclusion of others", and assumes a VaiCeSika-like hierarchical structure of words or meanings. A question yet to be solved is, I think, that on what kind of principle is the hierarchy built. Some modern scholars suppose that the principle is the relationship of inclusion between the two extensional meanings of words, namely that if the extension of the word A includes that of the word B, then the word A is a superordinate word (sAmAnya-Cabda) of the word B, and vice versa. However, there are some textual evidences in PramANasamuccaya that seem to contradict such a principle. The present paper proposes a more text-faithful principle on which the hierarchy of words or meanings can be built, and argues that the principle is based on the meaning of word which is apoha-theoretically defined in a given group of words or a semantic field.

Organized panel
Ueda, Noriyuki

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

From Funeral to Engaged? Japanese Buddhist Temples in Transition(11E)

Japanese Buddhist temples of traditional sects have been often criticizedas `Funeral Buddhism`. The word `Funeral Buddhism` reflects two images among Japanese people. One is that Japanese Buddhist priests have no interest in social engagement. They preach the importance of jihi (metta/compassion) but never take any action on jihi. The other is that the funerals conducted by priests are just the routinized ceremony and far from the authentic religion. However, the new trend is arising among Japanese temples. In recently published book " Ganbare Bukkyo! " (Cheer up Buddhism!) , I presented some temples and priests that are deeply involved in social issues. Some temples founded NPOs for social welfare, peace movement, and satisfying funeral ceremony, and other temples organize some events such as play, music, and festival for getting the public attention. They are often criticized or neglected by the conservative priests of the traditional sects but have already got considerable support among ordinary people. In this presentation, I will introduce some examples of those temples and discuss the future of Japanese Buddhist temples of traditional sects whether they can survive or perish in the next age.

Organized panel, English
Ueda, Noriyuki

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Modern Medicine and Spirituality(13J)

*chairperson

Organized panel, English
Ueno, Keiji

Rissho University, Japan

Prayers for Peace Envisioned in Buddhist Bells(08V)

Two basic types of Buddhist bells can be seen within ancient Japanese tradition. The first type is cylindrical and is the older one, represented by the bell found at Myoshinji of Kyoto, dated the second year of the Monbu Period (698). The second type assumes a flat shape and is represented by the bell at Todaiji of Nara, considered the largest composition of its kind during the Nara period. These two characteristics, along with other similarities in design, are also evident among the early Chinese and Korean representations. According to the inscriptions on these bells, many were made with the intent of protecting the nation--as a prayer for peace. By drawing upon cognate Buddhist designs of bells found in China, Korea, and Japan, and examining their inscriptions, I would like to expand upon the notion of prayer towards peace as represented by Buddhist bells.

Organized panel, Japanese
Ueno, Osamu

Osaka University, Japan

Faith and Reason in Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus(14B)

The Seventeenth Century Dutch Republic was swayed by a fierce debate among philosophers and theologians over the compatibility between rationalistic truth and the Word of God. The liberal defenders, mostly Cartesians, bogged down in a dilemma as to whether going mad with reason to clamp philosophical metaphors against the Holy Scripture or going mad without reason to take it literally for truth. Their confusion provided the monarchical theologians with a pretext for accusing freedom of philosophy of fermenting turmoil and impiety. I will briefly discuss how the Dutch philosopher Spinoza, an excommunicated Jew, dissolved the dilemma by defining a 'universal faith' in terms of the Scripture alone and how he defended freedom of opinion as the sine qua non both for peace and piety.

Organized panel, English
Ujike, Norio

Rikkyo University, Japan

Yoshino Sakuzo's Concept of "Heaven" as Seen in Comparison to his Teacher Ebina Danjo(09C)

It is commonly recognized that Yoshino Sakuzo's view of life was influenced by Christianity. Based on the Christian faith, Yoshino formed his democratic ideas, and contributed to democratic reform during the Taisho Era. In this presentation, I want to focus on Yoshino's concept of "Heaven" by comparison with the thought of his teacher Ebina Danjo who exerted great influence on Yoshino's views on life and Christianity. As Yoshino's thought was democratic, while his teacher was a nationalist, I want to clarify the significance of the differences in Yoshino's and Ebina's thought.

Organized panel, Japanese
Ukah, Asonzeh F.-K.

University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Seeing is Believing: Posters and Religious Proselytization in Nigeria(05H)

An important feature of urban southern Nigeria is the ubiquity of the poster. Of all types of posters, religious posters predominate. The transformation of the religious landscape in Nigeria in the late twentieth century witnessed the proliferation of religious groups, particularly Pentecostal ministries and para-churches. As different groups engage one another in an aggressive "war for souls", the poster becomes the quintessential proselytization and mobilization strategy. This paper discusses the transformations that the poster experienced among pentecostal groups in Nigeria, its role in religious advertising as well as in processes of proselytization, mass marketing of religious goods and services and mobilisation of religious publics.

Symposium, English
Ukiba, Masachika

Nagoya University, Japan

Shamanism in Korea(07F)

According to previous studies, it is said that Korean shamans can be divided into two types: possessed shamans (Gangsinmu) and hereditary shamans (Saesenpmu). The former are found in the northern half of the Korean peninsula and the latter are found in the southern half. But recently, in southern regions, hereditary shamans are rapidly disappearing and possessed shamans are flourishing instead. The hereditary shamans, who were mainly diviners or fortunetellers, usually simplify rituals and often adopt the new performances of Seoul shamans. In this paper, I survey the transformation of Korean shamanism and will also point out the problems of the dichotomy of Korean shaman typology.

Organized panel, Japanese
Ulombe, Kaputu Felix

University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Religion and Gender Issues in a Global World: African Priorities and Examples in the World(11F)

The subject matter is complex and lends itself to debate since 'African culture' is a mosaic of cultures with many affinities and variations. This paper attempts to highlight African priorities in a global perceptive of gender issues involving religion. Globalisation today makes it possible to deal with those issues as challenges to humanity. In addressing gender issues from a religious perspective one should take into account the fact that Africans are highly religious. It is worth noting that gender issues today have been complicated by new religions (Christianity and Islam) which have spread to Africa. Based on patriarchal societies they did not contribute much to the empowerment of women. Priorities for African women to participate in globalisation include education, the organisation of women-sensitive workshops and debate within and between religions. NGOs will also reconsider their action for the real promotion of women.

Organized panel, English
Umeda, Yoshimi

NPO Shinto Kokusai Gakkai ／The International Shinto Research Institute, Japan

Studies in Shinto History: 1) Re-Evaluating Periodization, and 2) Arguments for Global and Multi-Disciplinary Aproaches(01Q)

Global and multi-disciplinary approaches are presently undergoing re-evaluation in all academic fields. The study of Shinto history is no exception. Shinto, regarded by some as Japan's indigenous creed, is becoming the focus of academic study by a growing number of academics and students, not only in Europe and America but in Russia and Eastern Europe, and Asian nations, including China, where Shinto was the object of loathing. NPO Shinto Kokusai Gakkai/International Shinto Research Institute is determined to draw on its experience of fostering international exchange over the last decade and to enrich the stratum of scholars specializing in Shinto. This panel comprises contributions by three reputed scholars in the study of Shinto from Europe and America; additionally, two Japanese scholars, one anthropologist and one religious studies specialist, will be articulating new approaches to the study of Shinto.

Organized panel, * Session Abstract, Japanese
Umehara, Motoo

Shukutoku Junior College, Japan

Japanese Buddhist Activities and Social Welfare after the War(07P)

*roundtable

Roundtable session, Japanese
Umeya, Kiyoshi

Japan Society for Promotion Sciences, Japan

Spirits, Politics, and Terrorism: A Case of Northern Uganda in East Africa(04B)

My aim is to depict the case showing the relationship spiritualism and terrorism vividly in East Africa. The Rebel, currently known as LRA (Lord's Resistance Army), formerly called Holy Spirit Movement based on Northern Uganda and Southern Sudan has been against the government of Uganda since 1986 just after Museveni's seizing the state. They are armed with brand new weapons and said to form the biblical division of guerrilla commanders. LRA soldiers are said to be incredibly brave and do not fear the bullet of guns because they are believed to undergo the ritual of protection of spirit against bullet before their military operations. To recruit newcomer soldiers, they have abducted huge number of boys and girls from schools or streets to make them soldiers or allegedly wives of soldiers. By the intensive effort of Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) under President Yoweri Museveni has successfully pushed the LRA to the blink of extinction in 2004. Their belief is supposed to be amalgam of traditional Acholi spiritualism and Catholic. I shall discuss the beliefs and activities of them using limited first hand data and some literatures.

Symposium, English