Karshi state university

Notionals

Semantically verbs divide into:

• 
  notional/action (with independent lexical meaning)
  

I speak English.

• 
  semi-notional (with contextualized lexical meaning – modal, aspective, and link verbs)
  

We can speak English.

• 
  helping/auxiliary (no lexical meaning)
  

Do you speak English?
Dynamics/Statives
Most English verbs are notional:

• 
  dynamic (denoting action)
  

He speaks good English.

• 
  stative (denoting state – being, mentality, perception, feelings, emotions, relationship)
  

She understands very little English.
Contextually some statives can become dynamic.
I think it’s a good idea.
What are you thinking about?

(Non-)Terminatives

By natural activity termination, dynamic verbs divide into:

• 
  terminative
  

Say it again!

• 
  non-terminative
  

I often do creative tasks.
They can also contextually interchange within 1 verb.
I learned fluent English for 2 years.
My friend’s been learning foreign languages for the same period.

(In)Transitives

By activity direction, notionals may be:

• 
  transitive (denoting activity doer and object/addressee)
  

They take English lessons every day.

• 
  intransitive/reflexive (taking no object)
  

I can’t live without watching BBC.
Purely reflexive verbs are rare, but many notionals take reflexive meanings in certain contexts.
I love speaking with foreigners.
Have you ever loved?