Kreo tn2 Karlsruhe, Rhône Alpes, Emilia-Romagna and Oxfordshire Thematic Network for the Support of Innovative Companies
KREO regions innovation systems: physical and non-physical resources
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- 5.1Higher education and research
- 5.1.1Higher education structures
- 5.1.2Research centres
5KREO regions innovation systems: physical and non-physical resources“The concept that has recently become known as the Innovation System, is now widely used to refer to the collection of institutions and resources that interact with each other to create, store and distribute the knowledge and skills that result in economically useful transformation. From this perspective, a Region’s ability to innovate will depend largely on how it is structured and how its Innovation System work, i.e. which elements does it posses, how they interact between them and where the borders are in relation to other systems within the Region.” 12 5.1Higher education and researchThis section presents the higher education and research structures existing in each region, that represent the pool of potential new research and academia spin-off companies and therefore the main target of initiatives aiming at improving their capacity to “produce” businesses. But at the same time, they may be actors of the spin-off creation process, being not only “beneficiaries” of actions undertaken by others, but also proactive agents of business development. Despite the lack of precise data, and the existing difficulty in getting detailed information, the four regional higher education and research systems are characterised by a different level and intensity of relations between the research actors (knowledge producers) and industry (knowledge users), depending upon a number of factors, among which the culture and tradition of the research institution on one side, and the characteristics of the economic tissue on the other, as well as the efforts devoted towards shortening the distance between the two groups. The relations between the knowledge producers and users greatly influence the capacity of the regional area to innovate and create new business opportunity, as elements for the economic and social growth of the area itself. 5.1.1Higher education structuresThe presence of a strong education and research infrastructure is evident in each region, and it is made of higher education institutes, most of which with a very high research profile. For example in Karlsruhe 3 higher education institutes out of a total of 10 show a strong technological and research orientation. In Rhone-Alpes, considering Lyon and Grenoble together, a total of 45 higher education institutes exist and an additional group of engineering schools could be included. As for Emilia-Romagna and Oxford, figures show the presence of higher education systems with different proportions between number of researchers and professors and number of students. The table below shows the number of universities considered, characterised by a strong technological and research orientation, the overall number of professors and researchers of each region and the number of students.
The total number of spin off companies per region and per university is not available, however the information collected by partners shows an outstanding dynamism of Oxfordshire and its universities, a strong position of Rhone-Alpes region, a growing capacity of Emilia-Romagna universities to exploit research results via the creation of new high tech businesses. The number of research spin offs created in each region, however, has to be considered as the result of the combined actions of all organisations participating in an integrated system stimulating and supporting the capacity of higher education structures, as well as research centres (as specified afterwards), to become more “entrepreneurial”. Here-after more details are provided in relation to each regional higher education system. Karlsruhe Three main higher education institutions must be considered: Universität Fridericiana zu Karlsruhe (TH), technical university of Karlsruhe, has 2,100 researchers, among them 270 professors, and serves 15,000 students. It has become today a modern seat of teaching and research for engineering, natural sciences, economics, and the arts. These are found in the following 12 faculties made up of 115 institutes: mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and geography, arts and social sciences, architecture, building engineering and surveying, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and economics. About 10% of the current student body is comprised of foreigners. Close cooperation with industry and research institutes at home and abroad ensures that the choice of the topics of the mainly technical and scientific lectures is continually expanded and updated. In addition, Karlsruhe University has ten special research facilities and six centres for graduate students for highly qualified in-depth research. Fachhochschule Karlsruhe, Hochschule für Technik has 220 researchers, among them 180 professors and serves 4,400 students. The Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences is the largest institution of its type in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It offers a professional academic education, in contrast to the more usual purely academic courses delivered in universities, as it aims at fulfilling industry requirements. Fachhochschule Pforzheim, Hochschule für Gestaltung, Technik und Wirtschaft has 165 researchers, among them 140 professors and serves 4,000 students. The Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences was established in 1992 by merging two formerly independent institutions: the Pforzheim Business School (Fachhochschule fuer Wirtschaft) and the Pforzheim School of Design (Fachhochschule fuer Gestaltung). In addition a School of Engineering with three departments was founded in 1992 and established in 1994/1995. In 1999 the Pforzheim Graduate School was founded to integrate all graduate programs of the university. International University of Germany is located in Bruchsal and has 200 students and 30 professors. The International University of Germany was founded in 1997. It is an English language institution that strives for academic excellence in Information Technology and Business Administration. While the course structure is grounded in the Anglo-American tradition, the university seeks to achieve an international reputation based on its close contacts to German companies and through its European orientation. The IU functions like an enterprise: students (as clients) regularly evaluate their teachers and each staff member receives a salary with a performance based component. The International University in Germany has two schools, the School of Information Technology and the School of Business Administration, and a Department of Sciences and the Liberal Arts and offers two bachelors and four Master Programs. Berufsakademie Karlsruhe, the University of Cooperative Education has 37 regular professors, 600 part-time professors and 2,000 students. The Berufsakademie was founded in 1979 and offers higher education in the fields of Business Administration, Engineering and Computer Science with a dual learning system. A student enrolled at the Berufsakademie/University of Cooperative Education is both a student and an employee. Thus, the Berufsakademie has two learning places: the 'Studienakademie' as the 'center for academic course work', and the company providing 'the center for on-the-job training'. Each partner bears the cost of the learning centre that it controls. Phases of course work (theory) - normally of 12 weeks duration in a term of six months - alternate with periods of on-the-job-training of equal duration. The dual system ensures a continuous and close cooperation and exchange between industry and education. Thus students are trained and educated for the special needs of the company. Pädagogische Hochschule Karlsruhe, the University of education has 3,200 students, 143 researchers and professors. The University was founded in 1962, but its tradition dates back to 1757, when the first teachers were educated. The College offers various programs for teacher education and postgraduate programs in educational sciences. A focus lies in the education of “European teachers”, meaning teachers that are able to teach in two or more languages and who can teach about Europe. Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste the University of arts, has 300 students and 18 professors. The academy of arts was founded in 1854 and has a long outstanding tradition. Its education focuses on liberal arts and art education in schools. With only 300 students, the academy is among the smallest, more specialized art schools and it is today an institution from the Ministry of Research, Sciences and Arts. Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung Karlsruhe, University of design. The academy was founded in 1992 together with the Centre of Arts and Media Technology (ZKM) in Karlsruhe. This unique combination of education and research centres complies with the new artistic and pedagogic challenge to relate traditional arts with media technologies and electronic production processes in IT. Thus, the academy offers all kinds of media arts in addition to the classic arts and design subjects. Staatliche Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe, the University of Music with 530 students, 60 full-time professors and teachers and over 120 lecturers. The origins of the University of Music Karlsruhe go back to 1812, when a private initiative with the support of the town council helped found the first musical institution, the „Singing Academy“. There are different institutes such as “Music School Teaching”, “Soloist Classes”, “LernRadio”, Institute for Music Theatre, Studio for Music and IT, Institute for Musicology and a program on “New Methods for Learning about Ancient Music”. Staatliches Seminar für Schulpädagogik public institute for educational pedagogy, educates teachers for vocational schools in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. These teachers teach at vocational schools in commercial, budget-side, agricultural or pedagogic subjects. Therefore, Karlsruhe higher education institutes have the following characteristics:
Rhone-Alpes Some 175,000 students attend higher education institutes in the Rhone-Alpes region, mainly in the Lyon-St Etienne and Grenoble poles (115,000 and 60,000 respectively). Lyon is the second city with the highest number of students in France, and welcomes about 12,000 foreign students per year. In Grenoble there are 60,000 students, out of which 6,000 coming from abroad. In Lyon, there are 25 higher education institutes. There are 4 universities, "grandes écoles" engineer schools, management and business schools (INSA Engineer Schools, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecole de Management de Lyon, etc.), with a very intensive research activity. Together with those, there is a wide range of institutes and higher education schools focused on training and education. In Grenoble, there are 20 institutions including 4 different universities, 16 engineer schools of which 9 engineering schools belonging to the Polytechnic group INPG, 2 business schools, 3 Technological Institutes. As for the Lyon area, 5 institutions have a relevant research orientation:
In addition, several engineering schools are located in the area, namely: Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat (ENTPE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institute of Textile and Chemistry (ITECH), School of Chemistry Physics and Electronic Engineering (CPE). Some important institutes operate in the fields of business, science and administration sectors, that is to say: Institut de Sciences Politiques de Lyon, Ecole de management de Lyon (Lyon Graduate Business School), Institut Régional d'Administration, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lettres et Sciences Humaines. As for Grenoble, 3 universities and one polytechnic are located in the area:
Moreover, some important institutes operate in the fields of business, science and administration sectors, namely: Grenoble Ecole de Management, Ecole Supérieure des Affaires, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Institut de Communication et des Médias, Institut d’Etudes Politiques, Institut d’Urbanisme de Grenoble, Institut de Géographie Alpine. Most of them are included in the universities offer. Emilia-Romagna Emilia-Romagna universities are distributed in the whole regional territory, progressively becoming "network" universities with a series of locations: over the last few years, the University of Bologna has opened branches and degree courses all over the Romagna area, while the University of Modena has lately merged with the one of Reggio-Emilia and has turned into the University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, with faculties located in the two university cities. The public Universities of Parma and Ferrara, the branch of Università Cattolica in Piacenza and the School of Advanced International Studies (John Hopkins University) in Bologna complete the picture. Additional characteristics of the universities located in the region are:
Main information on the universities located in the region is the following:
Oxfordshire There are three universities out of which two are based in Oxfordshire, Oxford University and Oxford Brookes University, both with strong links with the entrepreneurial and innovative environment within Oxfordshire:
In addition, Cranfield University has three main sites in the South-East and all of them have links with the Oxfordshire area. All the Universities perform basic research that contributes to the local technology base as well as training professionals for local growth industries. Oxford University is one of a small number of universities recognised as world class world-wide. It is a medium sized university with approximately 22,500 students and over 7,000 academic/research staff. It has the highest research income of any University in the South East (source HESA). More than 60 spin-out companies have originated in the University. They date back to the 1950s, with Littlemore Instruments formed by Professor Edward Hall in 1954, and Oxford Instruments in 1959. Half of the companies are bioscience related. Over 30 companies have spin-out since 1997. The University has recently initiated a new phase in the expansion of its business and management training by opening the Said Business School, that has rapidly established itself as one of the UK’s leading management and business schools. The School only admitted its first student in 1995, but based on the latest Financial Times MBA rankings (January 2002), the school received the highest ranking on value for money of any school participating in the survey, and ranked 7th best overall in Europe.
Its history as a university dates back only ten years, when it changed from its former polytechnic status. Spinout activity is at an earlier stage compared to the one of Oxford University, but there are some interesting examples. Oxford Bio-Innovation was a recent example of a spinout from Biological and Molecular Sciences. RUDI is an Internet based information resource which has spin-out of the Urban Design/Library activities of the University. There are also several substantial consultancy activities in the University as well as research activities and has developed a series of dedicated degree programmes for the high-tech economy, for example in automotive engineering and bioscience. Cranfield University is the top university in the UK for Industrially funded research and is involved at an international level in several research collaborations. It is the UK representative to the International Energy Agency collaboration on ‘Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction in Combustion’ and has a formal collaboration agreement with the Interdisciplinary Research Centre of the University of Heidelberg and memoranda of understanding with NAL in Japan and Kari-Korea Aerospace Research Institute in Korea. The school also has university technology centres in Gas Turbine Combustion and Performance Engineering supported by Rolls-Royce. The Cranfield School of Management has twelve research centres with functional or thematic orientations. The School of Industrial and Manufacturing Science combines a wide range of expertise in key scientific, technological and management fields. The recent addition of the International Ecotechnology Research Centre has enabled the School to assess the environmental impact of the work carried out. Shrivenham is where experts from Academia and Officers of the British Armed Forces meet to teach Defence Science, Technology and Management. In summary, the Universities based in Oxfordshire can be described as follows:
5.1.2Research centresAll the four KREO regions show an outstanding presence of research centres, with some relevant differences when analysing detailed information. All regions host headquarters or branches of the most important public research centres and institutes, with a relevant number of researchers and research facilities located in the area (see details below). However, Lyon-Grenoble area appears as the “richest” region in terms of number and size of research centres, with more than 10,100 researchers (being the figure a simple sum of collected data which are not exhaustive, see Rhone-Alpes section). In addition, a large number of private research centres operate in the area, where multinational companies and world leader firms are located, operating in high tech sectors such as: ICT, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical, chemistry and bio-chemistry sectors, etc. Despite the fact that the 1999 indicator on Business expenditures on R&D activities of the Rhone-Alpes regions appears to be slightly higher that the EU mean, the relevance of the “private leaded research” is evident, as well as the accordingly significant high level research carried out in the public research centres. This represents of course a strong pre-condition for the existence of research results exploitation opportunities, that are more and more promoted and supported in the area. Emilia-Romagna region situation is similar in terms of concentration of public research units compared to the national context, but fairly different in terms of number and size of research centres. Actually, the public research centres are smaller compared to the French region ones and Public expenditures on R&D are not surprisingly below the EU mean. In addition to public research, a large number of private laboratories exist, but of small size. This is consistent with the industrial tissue of Emilia-Romagna region made of SMEs, and the indicator regarding Business R&D expenditures (whose value is less than half of the EU mean one) confirms the weakness of the region in this sense, with all the problems related to innovation and technological development of small and medium companies. A positive aspect, however, is related to the dynamism showed by the research centres in the direction of business creation promotion: important results have been reached during the last years (being the region one of the most successful in Italy in terms of number of research spin-off companies created) and new initiatives in this direction have been recently started. As for Karlsruhe region, it hosts one of the largest science and engineering research institution of the country and four Fraunhofer Institutes with some 300 researchers. Public expenditures on R&D is the highest among the four regions and the indicator is more than the double of the EU mean, while the Business expenditures on R&D indicator of Karlsruhe region is above the EU mean (1.89 versus 1.30). In terms of positive scores, South East region, where Oxfordshire is located, shows a Business expenditure on R&D almost double than the EU mean, being the Public R&D expenditure 15% higher of the EU mean. In fact, in 2001 one quarter of all R&D expenditure in the UK was located in the South East area, hosting 27% of the total UK R&D workforce, thus giving evidence to the presence of a strong research infrastructure.
The Research Centre Karlsruhe, with its 2,300 researchers, among them 45 professors and 400 PhD students, is one of the largest non-commercial science and engineering research institutions in Germany. It works on research and development problems of public interest, exclusively for peaceful purposes, in the fields of technology and environment. Its "Research for Environmentally Sustainable High Technologies" program is concentrated on four main areas: environment, energy, microsystems engineering, fundamental research. It is guided by the research policy goals of its two partners, the Federal Republic of Germany and the State of Baden-Württemberg. The application-oriented activities of the Centre comprise all stages of research, from basic findings to pre-product development. In these fields, the Centre co-operates closely with hundreds of partners in science, especially universities, and in industry. The four Fraunhofer Institutes of the region have about 300 researchers in total and are: The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, that also assumes a major role in strategic research. Commissioned and funded by Federal and Laender ministries and governments, the organization undertakes future-oriented research projects that contribute to the development of innovations in spheres of major public concern and in key technologies. Typical research fields include communications, energy, microelectronics, manufacturing, transport and the environment. Fraunhofer-Institute für Informations- und Datenverarbeitung (IITB): institute for information and data processing. Fraunhofer-Institut für Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung (ISI): institute for system technology and innovation research. Fraunhofer-Institut für chemische Technik (ICT): institute for chemical technology. In addition, the following research centres should be mentioned: Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, Gesellschaft für wissenschaftlich-technische Information mbH (FIZ KA, 319 employees) Bundesansalt für Wasserbau (284 employees) Landesanstalt für Umweltschutz (LFU, 506 employees) Bundesforschungsanstalt für Ernährung (BFE, 195 employees). Rhone-Alpes Rhône-Alpes stands for the largest research centre in France after the Paris area. In 1997, 26,740 researchers both in the public and private sectors worked in the area (Source: EUROSTAT). In 1999, 1,300 theses were registered in the region, representing 12% of the French total, and the scientific publications represented 12% of the French total in this field as well (Source: Government - http://rhone-alpes.drire.gouv.fr). Indeed, the region has got an outstanding potential of research centres:
All together, these assets are building a scientific unity which is an important tool of economic development. There are two big fields gathering public and private actors in the view of developing research and fostering the economy, that are:
In Lyon, there are 3 international institutes, 450 public laboratories and a wide range of private centres that, all together, employ 10,000 researchers (Source: Grand Lyon). In Grenoble, there are 6 international institutes, 220 laboratories in public universities or public and private research organisms employing 16,000 people in the Grenoble area, 8,000 of them coming from public research (Source: Agence d’Urbanisme de la Région Grenobloise). In summary:
Next to the important public research centres, there is a wide range of proper private research centres and an important number of R&D departments of big-size companies, working in regional core sectors as the medical sector, drugs and chemistry, bio-medical, ICT, textile, environment, etc. Here follows a list of R&D centres and large high-tech companies with an important R&D department, which is not exhaustive: In the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical, bio chemistry, agricultural sectors: AVENTIS CROPSCIENCE, AVENTIS PASTEUR, AXCELL BIOTECHNOLOGIES, BIOMERIEUX, BIOPROTEC, CHARLES RIVER - IFFA CREDO, DIFFCHAMB S.A., EPISKIN SNC, FLAMEL TECHNOLOGIES, GENOME EXPRESS, GENOPOIETIC, GENOWAY, HLA-G Technologies SA, IMEDEX BIOMATERIAUX, IMTIX SANGSTAT, LIPHA SA, LPI, MERIAL, SCHERING PLOUGH, SYNBIOTICS EUROPE, TEXINFINE, CONNAUGHT, LIPHA, AGUETTANT In the ICT, semi conductors, automatics, robotics, embedded software, semi conductors sectors: FRANCE TELECOM R&D, HP/ERICKSON, MOTOROLA, IBM, HEWLETT PACKARD, RANK XEROX, SUN MICROSYSTEMS, BULL EDAP-TECHNOMED, INFINEON, SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC, ST MICROSYSTEMS In the chemistry sector: EMICHEM, RHONE POULENC, PECHINEY, AIR LIQUIDE, ATOFINA, IFP, SIBACOLOR, RHODIA Engineering Plastics, COATEX, SCOTTS France, CYANAMID AGRO, CHIMIOTECHNIC, ZOLPAN Emilia-Romagna Four national research centres are located (with branches or headquarters) in Emilia-Romagna region: CNR (National Research Council) CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (National Research Council) is a public body of great importance for scientific and technological research in Italy. The numerous institutes, laboratories and research centres of CNR in Emilia-Romagna play an important role, both at a national and territorial level, in the field of research outputs transfer to the entrepreneurial world, both on its own and through the participation of local promotion actors. Main features of CNR in Emilia-Romagna are the following:
CNR, as other public research bodies, has recently started promoting the creation of research spin-off companies, and some new initiatives have been started during the last three years. It must be noted that the possibility for a public researcher to participate to start up companies has been regulated by the national Law nr. 297 of 1999. ENEA (National Body for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment) Following the referendum which voted the elimination of nuclear energy production in Italy, ENEA has reoriented its mission and activity progressively placing the issue of energy in relation to renewable energy and focusing on more transversal issues relating to research and innovation for sustainable development. In addition to its function of research body, ENEA also acts as an agency addressing public administrations by supplying advanced services in the sectors of energy, environment and technological innovation. In Emilia-Romagna ENEA has an important presence as it has 3 different branches and manages institutes and laboratories. Main features of ENEA in Emilia.-Romagna are the following:
INFM (National Institute for the Physics of Materials) INFM is a Public Research Institute established in 1994 and incorporated within CNR. INFM carries out fundamental and applied research on the physical properties of atomic, molecular and condensed material systems. It operates through a wide Network of Research Units (41), Laboratories (2), R&D Centres (8), Regional Labs (7), Operative Groups (2) and involves over 3,500 scientists. In addition to its function of research body, it is involved in activities related to technological innovation and technology transfer: 75 Patents filings in Italy and abroad, 25 Spin-offs started since 1998, 135 research contracts started in 2002 with EU, industries and institutions, with 200 partners companies. In Emilia-Romagna there are 4 INFM Research Units and S3 Research Centre (the INFM National Research Centre devoted to "nano-Science and bio-Systems at Surfaces”); they involve about 380 scientists and researchers. Two spin-offs are recently born in Emilia-Romagna: STAR e Cantil. CINECA CINECA (Inter-university Consortium established by law in 1969) is a Consortium consisting of 21 Italian Universities and CNR. Its mission foresees:
CINECA possesses a computing environment endowed with the best technologies available, the most advanced hardware resources, and highly qualified specialists. Its institutional task is to supply services, by means of supercomputing and its applications, towards state-of-the-art solutions in the field of scientific research. The specific up-to-date feature of CINECA lies in its strategic policy of extending its services to the commercial sector, as well as the academic domain. CINECA therefore must be considered a link between the academic world, the sphere of pure research and the world of industry and business. In addition, 232 laboratories, both private and public, authorized by The Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research (MIUR ex DM 593/00 art.14), providing research activities to other centres and industries are located in Emilia-Romagna. More than the half of them are private (114), 78 are located within the regional Universities, 27 within the Research Centres and 11 within Technology Transfer Centres. Oxfordshire In 2001 one quarter of all R&D expenditure in the UK was located in the South East, totalling £4.8 billion. R&D organisations employ 46,800 people in the South-East, the highest total of any UK region and 27% of the total UK R&D workforce is located in the region. Oxfordshire has been identified as being at the epicentre of the ‘UK Diamond™ region’, which describes the area with an 80-mile radius from Oxford, extending from London to Cardiff and from Birmingham to Southampton. This area is home to around 75% of the Country’s science and innovation enterprises (In Business, 20 September 2002). Research centres can be divided into two groups:
1. Higher Education research institutions The Oxfordshire Economic Observatory (OEO) is an independent research centre dedicated to undertaking world-class research into the knowledge-economy of advanced regions. It focuses particularly on the cluster of firms and research institutions that comprise the Oxfordshire knowledge-economy, in the context of the South East of England. Oxford University has recently been awarded £60m of the Government's Science Research Investment Fund (SRIF) with 30 different projects benefiting from the funding. Please see Section on Universities. 2. Research and R&D Centres The John Radcliffe Hospital: Research is one of the Trust's three key strategic activities alongside clinical services and teaching. It has gained a first class reputation for the quality and relevance of its research, much of which is carried out in collaboration with the Division of Medical Sciences at Oxford University and the School of Health Care at Oxford Brookes University. Most of the research is clinical and service in nature, is conducted on a collaborative and multidisciplinary basis across the Trust, complements the Trust's clinical activities and encourages the development of innovative treatments and protocols. The range of activity is very comprehensive but particular focus can be found in cancer, coronary heart disease, neurosciences and diabetes/endocrinology/metabolism in line with national priorities and needs. AEA Technology aims to be the leading provider of energy and environmental solutions to governments, agencies and industry. The Council for the Central Laboratory of Research Councils (CCLRC) is the UK’s strategic agency for large-scale neutron, synchrotron and high power laser facilities and advisor to the government and the other research councils on facility provision. The CCLRC provides large-scale facilities and expertise in support of research and is the UK gateway to international facilities and is also the UK Government shareholder in Diamond. The Diamond Synchrotron Light Source is the largest scientific facility to be built in the UK for nearly thirty years. It is currently being built in South Oxfordshire, next to the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. This 21st century 'super microscope' will be a 235m diameter doughnut-shaped building, which will eventually provide more than 30 different scientific beam lines. Diamond will produce ultra-violet and X-ray beams of unprecedented quality and brightness. These will enable scientists and engineers to look deep into the basic structure of matter, materials, and biological samples. Using this extremely bright light they will be able to collect new data, which in turn will lead to scientific breakthroughs in the fields of biotechnology, medicine, environment and materials research. Diamond will position itself amongst the 5 world-leading medium energy light sources and will be the only one in the UK. Diamond's team of experts are currently designing, specifying and commissioning the building of this state-of the-art new synchrotron, which will be opened in 2007. The new synchrotron is operated by Diamond Light Source Limited. This new company is a successful joint business venture between two shareholders. Government through the Council for the Central Laboratory of the Research Councils (CCLRC) owns 86% of shares, whilst the Wellcome Trust owns 14%. CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) is located in Oxfordshire, it has staff numbers of around 1,200 who support the work of around 10,000 scientists and engineers, mainly from the university research community. It maintains also an active technology and incubation programme and several companies base at least part of their technical operations in RAL. For example, Bookham Technology, which has developed and now manufactures opto-electronic communication devices, is an example of a company that was nurtured at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. It employed 4 people in RAL in 1994, it now employs 180 people in a nearby science and business park. Culham Science Centre is one of the UK’s most prestigious research centres. Situated in rural Oxfordshire, the 80 hectares site is home of the national fusion research programme and hosts the world’s largest fusion experimental facility, JET (Joint European Torus). The site also supports a wide range of companies from AEA Technology plc to small technology-based businesses just starting out. The business activities at Culham now range from environmental research and consultancy to space technology. Culham Science Centre, as it is now known, has thus become a major centre of commercial science and technology business as well as a unique focus for the European fusion research programmes. Culham Innovation Centre is also based on this site. HR Wallingford provides cost-effective and practical solutions to the problems experienced by engineers and managers working with the water environment from pre-feasibility studies to post-project reviews. The development and use of predictive physical and computational model studies, desk studies and field data collection are backed by more than fifty years of large-scale laboratory research. Clients include private companies, local and national governments, the European Commission and international funding agencies. CABI Bioscience integrates four former international biological institutes, the International Institute of Biological Control (IIBC), the International Institute of Entomology (IIE), the International Institute of Parasitology (IIP) and the International Mycological Institute (IMI). CABI Bioscience has mutually productive partnerships with many global organisations, agencies, foundations and corporations. By working together, the complementary capabilities are combined to create a potent scientific force in support of sustainable development. Yüklə 0,63 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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