Last revised august 30, 2004

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487 Leonid Smilovitsky, “Antisemitism in the Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: The Case of Belorussia,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, vol. 20, no. 2 (Fall 2006): 214–15.

488 Ibid., 219.

489 Ibid., 219–20.

490 Ibid., 227. In a highly unusual move, after some Jews carried out an investigation and launched a formal complaint, Kozlov was put on trial and hanged. The commander of the demolition unit was shot for covering up the crime. Ibid., 228.

491 Ibid., 221.

492 Ibid., 223–25.

493 Since Jewish memoirs relate events that the authors actually experienced at the hands of the Soviets, as opposed to what they heard (as is generally the case when describing atrocities attributed to the Polish partisans), they are far more reliable in their treatment of Soviet atrocities.

494 Musial, Sowjetische Partisanen 1941–1941, 378–401. For example, in June 1943 members of the Zhukov Brigade killed 7 Jewish partisans and devastated a Jewish family camp. Ibid., 399.

495 Tec, Resilience and Courage, 292.

496 Eliezer Tash (Tur-Shalom), ed., The Community of Semiatych [Siemiatycze Memorial Book] (Tel Aviv: Association of Former Residents of Semiatych in Israel and the Diaspora, 1965), xi.

497 Kopel Kolpanitzky, Sentenced to Life: The Story of a Survivor of the Lahwah Ghetto (London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007), 91, 96. Another Jew from Łachwa claims that 150 Jews were murdered by the Soviet partisans. See Dean, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, vol. 2, Part B, 1402.

498 Tec, Resilience and Courage, 291–92.

499 Aron Irlicht, “Hershel Posesorski—A Heroic Partisan,” in Kowalski, Anthology on Armed Jewish Resistance, 1939–1945, vol. 3 (1986), 498. On Hershl Posesorski’s murder by a Ukrainian unit commander named Ananchenko (his unit included many Ukrainians who had served as policemen for the Germans before switching sides), and the lack of response on the part of the Soviet command, see the account of A.I. in Trunk, Jewish Responses to Nazi Persecution, 242–43.

500 Yerachmiel Moorstein, ed., Zelva Memorial Book (Mahwah, New Jersey: Jacob Solomon Berger, 1992), 73. The execution of Feyge (Fanya) Shelovsky and Bella Becker, for discarding their rifles during a German siege, is also reported by Eliyahu Kovensky, “The Path of Suffering and Heroism,” in Lashowitz, Volkovysk, 134, Part III of The Volkovysk Memorial Book. Allegedly, non-Jewish partisans who had left their weapons behind were not punished. Another Jewish partisan describes other anti-Semitic incidents on the part of Russian partisans, revenge killings of “a number of Jew-haters,” as well as a raid on “a large estate, whose owner was [allegedly] known to be friendly to the Germans.” Katriel Lashowitz, “Thanks to a Broken Machine Gun,” in ibid., 138. Michael Kwiat also mentions the execution of Shelovsky and Becker, as well as the execution of two young Jewish men, the Alyovich brothers, for falling asleep while on sentry duty. Allegedly it was rare for non-Jews to be sentenced to death for such infractions. Se Dereczin, 304, 309.

501 Testimony of Lidia Brown-Abramson in Tec, Resilience and Courage, 293.

502 Tec, Defiance, 99.

503 Tec, Defiance, 70.

504 “Brest” in in Shmuel Spector, ed., Pinkas Hakehillot: Polin, vol. 5 (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1990), 226–37; English translation: Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, vol. V, Internet: .

505 Zissman, The Warriors, 127–29, 135.

506 Itzchak Lichtenberg, “Partisans at War,” in Kowalski, Anthology on Armed Jewish Resistance, 1939–1945, vol. 2 (1985), 594. See also Izak Lichtenberg’s testimony in Roszkowski, Żydzi w walce 1939–1945, vol. 4, 338 from Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), no. 301/2441. A Jewish survivor from Łachwa accuses the Kirov detachment under Savitskii (Petrovich) of killing 120 Jews. See the testimony of Leja Romanowska in Roszkowski, Żydzi w walce 1939–1945, vol. 3, 231.

507 Lyuba Rudnicki, “Outside of the Ghetto,” in Yerushalmi, Navaredok Memorial Book, Internet: , 246ff. See also, Tec, Defiance, 59–60.

508 Michael Walzer-Fass and Moshe Kaplan, eds., Tooretz-Yeremitz: Book of Remembrance (Tel Aviv: Tooretz-Yeremitz Societies in Israel and the U.S.A., 1977), 94–96.

509 Account of Meyshe Kaganovitsh in Kaganovich, In Memory of the Jewish Community of Ivye, Internet: www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ivye/.

510 Account of Shimon Zimmerman in Meyerowitz, The Scroll of Kurzeniac.

511 Silverman, From Victims to Victors, 108, 159, 200, 210.

512 “Novogrudok,” in Shmuel Spector and Bracha Freundlich, eds., Pinkas Hakehillot: Polin, vol. 8 (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2005), 430–37; English translation: Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, vol. VIII, Internet: