Last revised august 30, 2004

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572 Silverman, From Victims to Victors, 83. This memoir goes on to describe the activities of dozens of local residents, mostly Poles, who assisted the Jews.

573 Ibid., 259.

574 Lyuba Rudnicki, “Outside of the Ghetto,” in Yerushalmi, Navaredok Memorial Book, Internet: , 246ff.

575 Account of Yehuda Shwartz in Losh, Sefer zikaron le-kehilot Shtutshin Vasilishki Ostrina Novi Dvor Rozhanka, 245 [331].

576 Account of Tsira Royak (Rabec), “My Personal Experiences,” in Ayalon, Sefer zikaron le-kehilat Meytshet, 314–19.

577 Interview with Rae Kushner, 1982, Oral History Interviews of the Kean College of New Jersey Holocaust Resource Center, 26–28. This interview contains disparaging references to “Polacks” but ultimately declares, “even Polacks and Germans should not be killed because of their religion.” Ibid., 37.

578 Testimony of Lejzor Port in Roszkowski, Zydzi w walce 1939–1945, vol. 3, 212. Port states that the Soviet partisans took a great deal of livestock from farmers.

579 Lazowski, Faith and Destiny, 35, 39, 43, 56, 91–92, 97, 105–6, 119. See also the account of Y. L. in Trunk, Jewish Responses to Nazi Persecution, 303: “The forest we were in was at Lipiczanska [Lipiczańska] Puszcza. We stayed together as a family group. … There were fifty people in our families unit, including five children. We would get fod from peasants we knew.” That testimony mentions an attacked by the Home Army in the summer of 1943, but it was a partisan, Duvid-Hershl Meykl of the Orlanski Brigade, who was captured, and not unarmed members of the family camp. The testimony also mentions retaliatory killings of the Belurussian village chieftain of Zaczepicze and five peasants who informed on the Jews to the Germans. According to another testimony, a large group of Jews led by Bielicer, based in forests near Zaczepicze about ten kilometres from Bielica, received extensive assistance from the surrounding population. See the testimony of Lejb Rajzer, dated 1945, Archive of the Jewish Historical Institute (Warsaw), no.301/555.

580 Testimony of Eliezer Pupko as cited in Grzegorz Berendt, “Cena życia—ekonomiczne uwarunkowania egzystencji Żydów po ‘aryjskiej stronie’,” in Zagłada Żydów: Studia i materiały, vol. 4 (Warsaw: Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, IFiS PAN, 2008): 119.

581 Yoran, The Defiant, 78.

582 Ibid., 88, 97, 99, 122.

583 Kahn, No Time To Mourn, 42–45, 51, 55.

584 Ibid., 75, 77, 79, 83.

585 Ibid., 81–84, 111–12, 114.

586 Ibid., 124.

587 Account of Dr. Kac in Żbikowski, Archiwum Ringelbluma, vol. 3, 471–74.

588 Berk, Destined to Live, 61–97. On his return to Baranowicze after the “liberation” of that town, the author was received warmly by a Polish schoolmate. Ibid., 219–21.

589 Yehuda Bauer, “Jewish Baranowicze in the Holocaust,” Yad Vashem Studies, vol. 31 (2003): 123, 139–40.

590 Account of Zalman Uri Gurevitz in Meyerowitz, ed. The Scroll of Kurzeniac.

591 Account of Yitzhak Zimerman in Meyerowitz, ed. The Scroll of Kurzeniac.

592 Nachum Alperovich, “Thus It Began: Chapters from the Underground,” in Meyerowitz, ed. The Scroll of Kurzeniac, 321ff.

593 Charles Gelman, Do Not Go Gentle: A Memoir of Jewish Resistance in Poland, 1941–1945 (Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1989), 90–91.

594 Account of Y.G. in Trunk, Jewish Responses to Nazi Persecution, 209–11. Yad Vashem recognized Jan Starzyk and his mother Elżbieta Starzyk for their rescue of six Jews whom they sheltered in their home after the liquidation of the local ghetto in September 1942: Azriel Tunik, Nechama Filszick and her 8-year-old daughter Chana, and the three Kaplan sisters: Ester, Dvora, and Zahava. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 5: Poland, Part 2, 748.

595 Tec, Resilience and Courage, 285–86.

596 Account of Rachel Potchter, Alufi and Barkeli, “Aishishuk”; Its History and Its Destruction, 70–71.

597 Account of Eliahu Volochinsky in Losh, Sefer zikaron le-kehilot Shtutshin Vasilishki Ostrina Novi Dvor Rozhanka, 249 [335].

598 Account of Leibke Einstein in Losh, Sefer zikaron le-kehilot Shtutshin Vasilishki Ostrina Novi Dvor Rozhanka, 251 [337].

599 Account of Faygel Gerber in Moorstein, Zelva Memorial Book, 80–81.

600 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 4: Poland, Part One, 55.

601 Lazar, Destruction and Resistance, 147–48.

602 Tec, Defiance, 68–69.

603 According to the Yad Vashem Institute: “Dozens of Jews who lived in the district capital of Nowogrodek [Nowogródek] owed their lives to the five members of the Bobrowski family, who saved Jewish refugees without expecting anything in return. Franciszek Bobrowski and his family were simple, uneducated folk who lived in a small cottage on the outskirts of Nowogrodek. The Bobrowskis, who were poor, hunted stray dogs and skinned them for a living. Guided by humanitarian considerations, they opened their door to Jewish fugitives from the Nowogrodek ghetto, fed them, and allowed them to rest for a while. In the dead of the night, the Bobrowskis took the fugitives to the nearby forest, where they joined the partisan unit run by the Bielski brothers. The Bobrowskis, known as dog hunters, became a household name among Jews escaping from the ghetto, who knew that they could count on them to find them a safe shelter. At the start of the summer of 1944, several weeks before the area was liberated, informers denounced the Bobrowskis to the authorities, who raided their home and killed the Jewish family that was staying there. Afterwards, the Germans burned down the Bobrowskis’ cottage and pushed Franciszek and his wife, Franciszka, into the flames. Their sons, Stefan and Michal [Michał], were arrested and executed, while their daughter, Maria, was sent to a concentration camp in Germany, which she survived.” See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 4: Poland, Part 1, 98–99.

604 Kagan and Cohen, Surviving the Holocaust with the Russian Jewish Partisans, 57–59. Konstantin (Kostik) Kozlovsky’s younger brother, who used his position as a policeman in Nowogródek to assist in escape attempts and to deliver weapons and intelligence to the Bielski brothers, was also captured by the Germans, shot and his body burned. See Duffy, The Bielski Brothers, 131. Konstantin (Kostik) Kozlovsky and his sons, Genadi and Vladimir, were recognized by Yad Vashem in 1993.

605 Rubin, Against the Tide, 104–106. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website, Piotr Kolenda was a landowner from Nowogródek who knew both both the Bielski and Dzienciolski families before the war. During the German occupation he helped hide the women before they could safely go to the forest and continued to assist members of the Bielski group while they were in the forest. See “The Bielski Partisans—Photography,” Internet: