Last revised august 30, 2004

. Piotr Kolenda was recognized by Yad Vashem in 2013.

606 Duffy, The Bielski Brothers, 37, 41, 52, 61, 64. Lola Kline, the infant daughter of Abraham Dzienciolski and Taube Bielski, was sheltered by a Polish couple and returned to her parents, who were part of the Bielski forest group, after the war. See Clare Marie Celano,” A Story of Courage, Hope,” Examiner (New Jersey), December 24, 2008.

607 Tec, Defiance, 124.

608 Duffy, The Bielski Brothers, 116–18.

609 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 4: Poland, Part 1, 302–3.

610 Tec, Defiance, 57–61.

611 Shor and Zakin, Essie, 31–36.

612 Lubow, Escape, ix. See also Chapters 7–13. The author describes how parties of German soldiers visited farms with bloodhounds to sniff out hidden Jews and partisans. Ibid., 58.

613 Kagan, comp., Novogrudok, 249–50. According to another source, Shlomo Stoler was made a group leader by Bielski. “They went to the area around Korelitz [Korrlicze], into the villages … ‘Bring back a lot of food; grain, meat, etc.’ The partisans who went with him were amazed how capable and proud he was.” See Ben-Ir, “On the Brink of Destruction,” in Walzer-Fass, Korelits, 212ff.

614 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 5: Poland, Part 2, 677.

615 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 4: Poland, Part 1, 447.

616 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 5: Poland, Part 2, 913–14.

617 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 4: Poland, Part 1, 481.

618 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 5: Poland, Part 2, 798. Maria Szumska moved to Warsaw after the war. Halina (later Helen Degen-Cohen) did not forget her benefactor and maintained contact with Maria until the latter’s death.

619 Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 5: Poland, Part 2, 584–85. After the war, Wolf Molczadski (later William Moll) and his aunt, Sara Rubinowicz, emigrated to Canada.

620 Wertheim, “Żydowska partyzantka na Białorusi,” Zeszyty Historyczne, no. 86 (1988): 134.

621 Account of Miriam Swirnowski-Lieder in Blumenthal, Sefer Mir, columns 52–55.

622 Sutin, Jack and Rochelle, 61, 76–77, 83, 84–85, 86, 133, 156.

623 Boris Kozinitz, “A Partisan’s Story,” in Shtokfish, Book in Memory of Dokshitz-Parafianow, Chapter 4.

624 Tec, In the Lion’s Den, 186.

625 Riwash, Resistance and Revenge, 40, 46, 47, 139–44. Five members of the Nieścierowcz family from the village of Zareże near Postawy were recognized as Righteous by YadVashem. See Gutman and Bender, The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations, vol. 5: Poland, Part Two, 546.

626 See testimony of Anna K. [Kovitzka] in Donald L. Niewyk, ed., Fresh Wounds: Early Narratives of Holocaust Survival (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 207–8.

627 Alexandre Blumstein, A Little House on Mount Carmel (London and Portland, Oregon: Vallentine Mitchell, 2002), 330–35.

628 Alpert, The Destruction of Slonim Jewry, 364, 313.

629 Cholawski, Soldiers from the Ghetto, 84.

630 See, for example, the following accounts: The family of Rut Leisner from Mejszagoła near Wilno, received extensive assistance from many Poles, often total strangers. See Marian Turski, ed., Losy żydowskie: Świadectwo żywych, vol. 2 (Warsaw: Stowarzyszenie Żydów Kombatantów i Poszkodowanych w II Wojnie Światowej, 1999), 204–25. Soszana Raczyńska of Wilno was one of many Jews assisted by Poles in the vicinity of Niemenczyn. See Elżbieta Isakiewicz, Harmonica: Jews Relate How Poles Saved Them from the Holocaust (Warsaw: Polska Agencja Informacyjna, 2001), 87–105. Pola Wawer, a doctor from Wilno, recalled the help she and her parents received from numerous Poles in various localities, among them the hamlet of Zameczek which was inhabited by five families of cousins. See Wawer, Poza gettem i obozem, passim, especially 71. After escaping from the Wilno ghetto in September 1943, Adam Nowicki (born in 1932), his sister and their mother were sheltered by a Polish woman named Marynia in Wilno, and subsequently by a doctor who lived near the edge of the Rudniki forest. See Katarzyna Meloch and Halina Szostkiewicz, eds., Dzieci holocaustu mówią…, vol. 3 (Warsaw: Biblioteka Midrasza and Stowarzyszenie “Dzieci Holocaust” w Polsce, 2008), 95–96. Murray Berger of Wsielub near Nowogródek attests to receiving extensive help from numerous villagers from December 1941, when he left the ghetto, until he joined up with the Bielski unit the following year. (Berger’s account is in the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives.) Sarah Fishkin of Rubieżewicze left a diary attesting to repeated acts of kindness by villagers in that area. See Anna Eilenberg-Eibeshitz, Remember! A Collection of Testimonies (Haifa: H. Eibeshitz Institute for Holocaust Studies, 1999), 285–306. Chana Mirski (later Hana Shachar), born at the end of 1939 or early 1940, was given over for safekeeping by her paternal grandfather, Nathan Mirski, to his acquaintance, Stanisław Świetlikowski, who smuggled her out of the ghetto in Podbrodzie, a town northeast of Wilno, in September 1941. Stanisław and his wife Katarzyna had the child baptized, as their own. Given her age at the time, it would have been apparent to the priest, even if he had not been not told, that the child was likely Jewish. The birth and baptismal certificate facilitated the cover-up. Their neighbours also figured out that the sudden new addition to the family was a Jewish child, yet no one denounced them. See Świetlikowski Family, The Righteous Database, Yad Vashem, Internet: