Appendix O – Test on fourth text Passage (Vaccines)
Vaccines – Multiple Choice Questions
Below is a list of questions on the text passage which you have just read. For each question, please select the most correct answer by ticking the applicable box or circling the applicable letter.
1.
What is "herd immunity"?
(A)
This occurs when a disease cannot be passed onto humans from animals
(B)
Vaccines which are developed from large groups of animals
(C)
Occurs when the majority of a population is vaccinated against a particular disease, making it difficult for the disease to spread
(D)
When an entire group of people or animals develops immunity to a disease
2.
Vaccines vary in terms of their valence. What does the valence of a vaccine refer to?
(A)
The number of electrons present in the outermost shell of the vaccine’s atoms
(B)
The number of strains or types of micro-organisms targeted by a vaccine
(C)
The effectiveness of a vaccine at protecting against disease
(D)
The speed at which a vaccine works
3.
Before the invention of modern vaccines, royal physicians conducted an initial experiment with variolation. Which two groups of people served as subjects in this experiment?
(A)
Soldiers and sailors
(B)
Prisoners and beggars
(C)
Beggars and abandoned children
(D)
Prisoners and abandoned children
4.
What was the name of the cow whose cowpox was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of Edward Jenner's technique of inoculation against smallpox?
(A)
Barbara
(B)
Blossom
(C)
Bubbles
(D)
Buttercup
5.
A vaccine can be beneficial even if people develop the disease against which they have been vaccinated. What is the benefit of a vaccine if the illness it was supposed to prevent is developed?
(A)
The vaccine will reduce the number of people who contract the disease from you sneezing
(B)
The vaccine will help you to rest more deeply and aid in your recovery
(C)
You won’t feel as bad because you have had the symptoms before and will know what to expect
(D)
The disease is likely to be less severe than it would be without vaccination
6.
Which of these injected vaccines would be most likely to cause a mild form of the disease it was attempting to prevent, and why? Cholera, Hepatitis, Influenza, Yellow Fever.
(A)
Yellow Fever, because its vaccine contains live, weakened virus organisms
(B)
Hepatitis, because the disease itself is more virulent (harmful)
(C)
Cholera, because its vaccine contains live, weakened virus organisms
(D)
Influenza, because its vaccine contains inactivated organisms killed by heat
7.
The recently developed nasal spray flu vaccine, which is inhaled through the nose, contains weakened versions of the viruses that only cause infection at the cooler temperatures found within the nose. In what sense does this new method of vaccination combine the techniques of inoculation and variolation?
(A)
This method involves deliberate infection via breathing which mimics variolation, but is also more localised as the virus only works within the temperatures of the nose, mimicking vaccination
(B)
This method combines infection by breathing and direct injection into the body
(C)
This method involves deliberate infection via breathing which mimics variolation, but is also more localised as the virus only works within the temperatures of the nose, mimicking inoculation
(D)
This method involves deliberate infection via breathing which mimics inoculation, but is also more localised as the virus only works within the temperatures of the nose, mimicking variolation
8.
Generally speaking, people given a monovalent vaccine develop immunity faster than people given a polyvalent vaccine. Why does immunity develop faster with a monovalent vaccine?
(A)
The monovalent vaccine uses more expensive compounds and is therefore more effective
(B)
The polyvalent vaccine is less easily absorbed into the bloodstream.
(C)
The monovalent vaccine is focused on a single type of organism and can target this organism more effectively
(D)
The polyvalent vaccine is focused on a single type of organism and can target this organism more effectively
9.
Controlled burning is a forest management technique used to prevent wildfires that relies on a similar principle to that of the practice of inoculation in vaccinating people. How does controlled burning work?
(A)
Controlled burning involves injection fire-resistant organisms into trees which make them less likely to catch fire
(B)
Controlled burning involves burning excess organic material (wood, grass etc.) in a planned way to avoid an unexpected fire burning out of control
(C)
Controlled burning involves burning excess organic material to kill disease
(D)
Controlled burning involves burning large trees to stop them from ‘strangling’ or taking nutrients and water from smaller trees and shrubs
10.
Psychologists have investigated a phenomenon known as "attitude inoculation," which works on the same principle as vaccination, and involves exposing people to weak arguments against a viewpoint they hold. What would this theory predict would happen if the person was later exposed to a strong argument against their viewpoint?
(A)
This person would be more likely to change their viewpoint
(B)
This person would become ill
(C)
This person would not become ill because of the inoculation
(D)
This person would be far less likely to consider an opposing viewpoint or to change their mind
Appendix P – Supplementary Analysis (ANCOVA)
Table 18. Between-subjects (one-week) reading only condition
Question Group
Device
N
Mean
SD
Mean Square
F
df
Sig.
Partial eta squared
Factual
Paper
24
.22
.55
.405
1.136
1
.296
.039
Tablet
7
-.07
.85
Conceptual
Paper
24
-.04
.74
.005
.010
1
.921
.000
Tablet
7
-.09
.55
Table 19. Within-subjects reading only condition
Question Group
Means (Paper/ Tablet)
Mean Diff.*
Stand. Dev.
Mean Square
F
df
Sig.
Partial eta squared
Levene’s Homogeneity of Variance
Factual
.46
.44
.707
1.82
2.941
1
.095
0.078
.773
.02
.848
Conceptual
.18
.26
.778
.67
.644
1.223
1
.276
0.34
.352
–.08
* Positive mean indicates that paper-device scores are higher than those for tablets; N = 19
Table 20. Between-subjects (one-week) note-taking condition
