Maxsus ta’lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi Toshkent davlat pedagogika universiteti qoshidagi akademik litsey Nurmatov J. N, Kudratov K. X
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SIFAT (THE ADJECTIVE) 1. Shaxs yoki buyumning belgisini bildirgan so‘zlar sifat deyiladi: A young man = yosh kishi; a young woman= yosh ayol; young people = yosh kishilar. 2. Sifat faqat darajalar bo‘yicha o‘zgarishi mumkin: long — uzun, longer — uzunroq, longest — eng uzun. 3. Sifatlar oddiy va yasama bo‘ladi: a) Oddiy sifatlar qo‘shimcha olmagan sifatlardir: big — katta, short —kalta, black — qora, red — qizil. b) Yasama sifatlarga old yoki orqa qo‘shimchasini yoki har ikkalasini olgan sifatlar kiradi: natural — tabiiy, incorrect — noto‘g‘ri, unnatural notabiiy. Eng ko‘p tarqalgan qo‘shimchalar (suffikslar): — ful : useful = foydali, doubtful = shubhali; — less : helpless = ojiz, useless = befoyda; — ous : famous = mashhur, dangerous = xavfl i; — al : formal = rasmiy, central = markaziy; — able, -ible: eatable = yeb bo‘ladigan, accessible = hammabop, yen gil. Eng ko‘p tarqalgan old qo‘shimchalar :
4. Ikkita so‘zdan yasalib bitta ma’noni bildiruvchi sifatlar qo‘shma sifatlar deyiladi: dark-blue = to‘q ko‘k, snow-white = qordek oq. 5. Sifat gapda aniqlovchi va ot-kesimning tarkibida keladi: The large box is on the table. (aniqlovchi) Katta quti stol ustida. The box is large. (ot kesimning tarkibiy qismi) Quti — katta. Sifat darajalari (Degrees of Comparison) 1. Sifatning uchta darajasi bor: Oddiy (the Positive Degree), qiyosiy (the Comparative Degree) va orttirma ( the Superlative Degree). The Missisippi is a long river. (long — oddiy daraja.). The Missisippi is longer than the Volga. ( longer — qiyosiy daraja). The Missippi is the longest river in the world (longest — orttirma daraja). Qiyosiy daraja Ikkita shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi.Orttirma daraja Uch yoki undan ortiq shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi va bittasining darajasi hammasidan ziyoda bo‘ladi. 2. Sodda sifatlarning (bir, ikki bo‘g‘inli sifatlarning) qiyosiy darajasi –er qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan, orttirma darajasi -est qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan yasaladi:
Oddiy daraja sharp — o‘tkir cold — sovuq deep — chuqur busy — band dirty — ifl os clever — aqlli narrow — tor able — layoqatli(qodir) noble — himmatli polite — odobli severe — shafqatsiz sincere — sofdil, samimiy simple — (oddiy) sodda common — oddiy
sharper — o‘tkirroq colder — sovuqroq deeper — chuqurroq busier — bandroq dirtier — ifl osroq cleverer — aqlliroq narrower — torroq abler — layoqatlioroq nobler — himmatliroq politer — odobliroq severer — shafqatsizroq sincerer — sofdilroq simpler — soddaroq commoner — oddiyroq
sharpest — eng o‘tkir coldest — eng sovuq deepest — eng chuqur busiest — eng band dirtiest — eng ifl os cleverest — eng aqlli narrowest — eng tor ablest — eng layoqatli noblest — eng himmatli politest — eng odobli severest — eng shafqatsiz sincerest — eng sofdil simplest — eng sodda commonest — eng oddiy
3. Qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarni yasaganda quyidagi imlo qoidalariga rioya qilinadi: a) agar sifat o‘qilmaydigan e harfi bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, -er va –est qo‘shimchalari qo‘shilganda sifat oxiridagi o‘qilmaydigan e harfi tushib qoladi: large katta larg-er larg-est brave jasur brav-er brav-est ripe pishgan rip-er rip-est b) agar sifat qisqa unlidan keyin bitta undosh bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarning qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda oxirgi undosh ikkilantiriladi: big katta bigger biggest hot issiq hotter hottest thin yupqa thinner thinnest wet nam wetter wettest c) agar sifat undoshdan keyin kelgan y harfi bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarning qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda oxirgi y har fi i harfiga aylanadi: busy band busier busiest easy oson easier easiest dirty iflos, kir dirtier dirtiest d) agar sifat oxiridagi y unlidan keyin kelgan bo‘lsa qo‘shimcha qo‘shilganda y saqlanib qoladi: gay sho‘x gayer gayest 4. Ko‘pgina ikki bo‘g‘inli hamda uch va ko‘p bo‘g‘inli sifatlarning qiyosiy darajasi sifatning oldiga more, orttirma darajasi sifatning oldiga most so‘zlarini qo‘yish bilan yasaladi:
Oddiy daraja active — faol famous — mashhur diffi cult — qiyin comfortable — qulay interesting — qiziq Yüklə 9,06 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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