Maxsus ta’lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi Toshkent davlat pedagogika universiteti qoshidagi akademik litsey Nurmatov J. N, Kudratov K. X

Time periods of the past, present and future

The following words refer to particular periods of time:

Punk music was popular in the late 1970s and early 80s.

Our house was built in the mid sixties.

This hospital dates from the turn of the century (=around 1900).

Electric lights were invented near the end of the 19^th century.

You can also talk in a less exact way about periods of time, for example:

The Greek civilisation was one of the most important in ancient times.

Medical science has developed enormously in modern times.

I love to hear Grandfather talk about the old days.

In those days it was very difficult to travel across Africa.

After some difficult times the country is entering a new era/age of peace.

These days/nowadays we spend much more time at home than we used to.

At the moment/at present she’s really busy with her new job.

I’m presently/currently (=now) studying for an economics degree.

EX 349 READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXTS
MADRASAH KUKELDASH
Madrasah Kukeldash is located on a high hill in the area of Chorsu square. The builder of the madrasah was a vezir of the Tashkent khans (1551-1575), called Kukeldash ("the foster-brother of the khan"). The madrasah has a traditional composition: an extensive court yard, built on khudjras, with darskhana and a mosque in the corners.

The main facade has a high portal, two story loggias, and angular turrets called guldasta. At the end of the 18th century, the maadrasah was used as a caravanserai, in 1860 it served the khans of Kokand as a fortress, and also as a place of execution (from the top parapet, women convicted of infidelity were dumped in bags onto a platform covered with stones). Madrasah Kukeldash is one of the largest madrasahs of 16th century still preserved in Central Asia, with the advanced layout and specific construction of that time. The madrasah was constructed from baked brick. Only one facade is decorated. On the portal, the remains of carved decor, glazed bricks and majolica have been preserved: they were restored in 1950. The monument has a huge historic and architectural value. Madrasah Kukeldash, despite its critical condition, was preserved and restored. Madrasa Kokaldosh – one of the most significant architectural sights of 16th century of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The main portal in height 19.7m leads to inner yard, surrounded with 2 store living rooms made under keliy – hudjr. Each room consists of entrance niche – called ayvan and of living room. 2 or 3 students used one room (hudr). From the towers (minarets) which are located at the corners of main portal “muzdina” or “azanchi” the person responsible, called people for pray (namaz). Kukeldash madrasah is constructed very traditionally. Any Madrasah in the Muslim country usually has exactly this look. The facade of a building decorated with majolica and inscriptions a high smart arch entrance-Peshtak. Windows are supplied with sun-protection lattices - Pandjara, in patterns of ornament

Kukeldash Madrassah in Chorsu Square ranks as the largest madrassah in Tashkent and one of the leading Moslem theological education establishments in the whole Central Asia. In this very place in the ancient times there was crossroads of caravan roads – ‘chorsu’, and the main town’s trading square was formed, surrounded by the workshops of craftsmen. Here public criers announced Khan’s decrees and the townspeople exchanged the news. Near the Friday mosque there were caravanserais and bathhouses. From here ran the roads to Samarkand, to Chagatay steppes, and to Kashgar. These names are still present in the names of the nearby streets and neighborhoods.
The madrassah was constructed in the 16th century by the powerful vizier Kukeldash, a foster-brother of Barak-Khan, the ruler of Tashkent Province. A high hill was chosen for the construction of the madrassah, and it served a kind of a pedestal for the building. Just like most of the large buildings of those times, the madrassah was made from baked bricks and only partly was decorated with majolica and tiled ceramic patterns. The high portal of the main entrance is decorated with a splendid star pattern. The height of the entrance arch is emphasized by a lancet niche over the doors. To the either side of the portal the façade has two tiers of loggias. Massive minarets complete the construction at the conners.

Through the lobby and along crooked passages you can get to the rectangular yard, which is surrounded by galleries and hudjra cells. Two deep ayvan terraces that face the yard have portals almost as large as the one at the main entrance. To the left of the entrance there was a darskhona (hall for lectures), to the right of it there was a mosque. The madrassah was reconstructed several times, but its layout remained unaltered. In the 18th century the building was used as a caravanserai. In the 19th century, for a short time, it served as a fortress for Kokand Khan’s governor-general.

The windows in the outer walls of the buildings appeared after one of the reconstructions. Initially these 9-meter-high strong walls resembled the fortified fortress. For a few centuries Kukeldash Madrasah towered over neighbouring adobe constructions, symbolizing the greatness and power of its builder. Even today its huge portal rivals the modern many-storied buildings that surround the square. Higher are only the nearby Chorsu Hotel and the large trading complex on the hill on the opposite side of the square. At the bottom of the madrassah walls, just like many centuries ago, there stretch the rows of trading stalls of Tashkent’s largest bazaar.
Spellings

British English	American English
colour	color
humour	humor
favourite	favorite
theatre	theater
kilometre	Kilometer
mum, mam or mom *	mom
cosy	cozy
realise	realize
dialogue	Dialog
traveller	Traveler
cheque	check
jewellery	jewelry
tyre	tire