Microsoft Word 05 descriptions doc

Retsker
and 
Shveitser
. Their general 
principles, however, are not linked to the literary school; they are linguistic, 
prescriptive, and basically compatible with the equivalence paradigm. If we are seeking 
the way scientific descriptions of systems led to a new paradigm of translation theory, 
then we have to look elsewhere.
What concerns us more here is how the Formalist ideas moved out of Russian 
and reached other translation scholars. We can pick out three interrelated threads: 
through Prague and Bratislava, through Tel Aviv, and through Holland and Flanders. 
5.2.2 Structuralism in Prague, Bratislava, and Leipzig
One strand led to the scholars who met from 1926 under the name of the 
Cercle 
linguistique de Prague
(the Prague Linguistic Circle). The most obvious connection 
was the linguist 
Roman Jakobson
, who had taken a position in Brno (and whose 
escape from the German occupied Prague took him to Copenhagen, Stockholm, New 
York and Harvard, stimulating intellectual curiosity as he went, eventually cultivating 
some fundamental insights into translation). Another Russian member of the 
Cercle
was 
Nikolai Trubetzkoi, who actually held a chair in Vienna, and a further member of the 
group was Henrik Becker, who attended the first meeting but lived in Leipzig (see 
Dušková 1999). We note these details to indicate that the Prague circle clearly extended 
beyond the city of Prague. In 1928 Jakobson, Trubetzkoi and other members of the 

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group attended the First International Conference of Linguists in The Hague, the 
Netherlands, where they signed a resolution calling for synchronic linguistic analysis. 
They actually signed alongside Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye, who had compiled 
and edited Saussure’s 
Cours de linguistique générale
(1916), the prime reference for the 
science of synchronic analysis. The strands of intellectual history crossed; they are not 
easily spun into national traditions. But was there any translation theory in the web?
The scientific approach of Russian Formalism provided an impulse for basic 
advances of the Prague 
Cercle
in