Comparison of morphological characteristics of seedling groups
Seedlings in the research were divided into seven groups according to their morphological
characteristics. In these groups, variance analysis was performed according to seedling height, seedling tuber
width, and seedling tuber length properties and the results were analyzed according to Duncan's multiple
comparison test (Table 2). Within seedling groups, the best results according to all characteristics were
obtained from seedling group number seven. In addition, it was found that there was a significant difference
between the groups depending on the years. This indicates an increase in seedling height, seedling tuber width,
and seedling tuber length depending on years.
Table 2.
Means and significance of investigated parameters of S. vomerecea in planting date
Seedling groups
Seedling height
(cm)
Seedling’s tuber width
(mm)
Seedling’s tuber length
(mm)
1
5.39
e
3.93
e
6.35
c
2
7.77
d
5.65
d
8.61
bc
3
8.51
d
6.39
d
8.38
c
4
13.43
c
8.23
c
10.83
b
5
16.72
b
9.30
c
13.19
a
6
18.33
a
11.69
b
15.05
a
7
19.31
a
13.98
a
14.63
a
Mean
12.78
8.45
11.00
Mean Square ve Significance
Year (Y)
698.25
**
750.32
**
1324.75
**
Grup (G)
187.29
**
74.31
**
68.62
**
Y × G
62.46
**
9.56
**
6.99
Error
0.90
1.29
3.87
*; p<0.05, **; p<0.01. Values followed by different letters in each column are significantly different (p<0.01) according
to Duncan Test
In addition, plant height, tuber width, tuber length, tuber fresh weight, tuber dry weight, number of
leaves (per/plant), leaf width (mm), leaf length (mm), total leaf area (mm
2
), means of leaf area (mm
2
)
characteristics were examined according to seedling groups (Table 3). According to these results, when all
characteristics are taken into account, the best results are obtained from group seven. Depending on the years,
there are very significant differences between all characteristics, except leaf parameters (number of leaves, leaf
width, leaf length, total leaf area, means of leaf area). The increase in the size of the tuber over the years positively
affects other properties as well.
In this study, descriptive statistics of two-year average data (Tables 2, 3) are given in Table 4, in which
vegetative characteristics of S. vomeracea species are discussed. S. vomeracea species, is one of the salep orchid
species collected the most from nature, together with Orchis santa and Orchis italica Poiret (Tutar et al., 2012).
Studies have focused on the propagation in in vitro conditions, especially in embryo culture, due to the low
number of tubers and the germination barriers of seeds. Since these studies are usually completed after
obtaining the plant, there are not many studies reporting the botanical and tuber characteristics of the species.
Caliskan O et al. (2020). Not Bot Horti Agrobo 48(1):245-260.
251
Table 3.
Means and significance of investigated parameters of S. vomerecea in harvest date
Seedling
groups
PH
TW
TL
TFW
TDW
NL
LW
LL
TLA
MLA
1
6.79
e 11.96
e
17.76 e
2.07
c 0.45 c
3.00 f 3.78 d 45.82 d
389.83
e
129.54
f
2
9.84
d 16.15 d 24.55 cd
4.02
c 0.95 bc 4.33 e 4.25 d 51.46 d
803.41
de 192.81
f
3
10.95 d 17.34 d 22.51 de
4.20
c 0.75 c
5.33 d 6.60 c 60.37 c
1656.09
d
306.21
e
4
20.01 c 21.67
c
28.99 bc
6.92
b 1.43 b 6.17 c 9.64 b 71.31 b
3258.18
c
523.11
d
5
29.85 b 23.40 bc 32.44 ab
8.05
ab 1.50 b 8.00 b 10.74 b 76.73 b
5029.41
b
628.42
c
6
30.40 b 26.15
b 35.54 a
10.17
a 1.45 b 7.67 b 13.24 a 95.33 a
6898.01
a
899.17
a
7
33.21 a 30.56
a
31.73 ab 10.21
a 2.46 a
9.83 a 13.52 a 86.93 a
7452.17
a
756.55
b
Mean
20.15
21.03
27.65
6.52
1.28
6.33
8.82
69.71
3641.01
490.83
Mean Square vs Significance
Year (Y)
452.25
**
2930.8
**
5105.5
**
914.67
**
35.38
**
1.52
0.12
7.66
14969.57
891.57
Grup (G)
739.16
**
242.78
**
237.48
**
60.91
**
2.57
**
32.94
**
97.12
**
1995
**
49769303
**
510754
**
Y × G
40.56
**
16.32
25.56
20.73
**
0.77
*
2.80
**
0.00
0.08
767575.7
44.95
Error
4.07
8.18
25.86
4.43
0.26
0.41
1.55
54.72
682503.4
7264.16
*; p<0.05, **; p<0.01. Values followed by different letters in each column are significantly different (p<0.01) according to Duncan
Test. PH; Plant height (cm), TW; Tuber width (mm), TL; Tuber length (mm), TFW; Tuber fresh weight (g), TDW; Tuber dry
weight (g), NL; Number of leaves (per/plant), LW; Leaf width (mm), LL; Leaf length (mm), TLA; Total leaf area (mm
2
), MLA;
Means of leaf area (mm
2
).
Table 4.
Descriptive statistics for investigated parameters of S. vomerecea
Set of variables I. (Planting parameters)
Set of variables II. (Harvest parameters)
Variables
% ± &
'
Variables
% ± &
'
Seedling height (cm)
12.778 ± 1.136
Plant height (cm)
20.150 ± 1.745
Seedling’s tuber width (mm)
8.451 ± 0.865
Tuber width (mm)
21.031 ± 1.655
Seedling’s tuber length (mm)
11.005 ± 1.047
Tuber length (mm)
27.646 ± 2.074
Tuber fresh weight (g)
6.520 ± 0.942
Tuber dry weight (g)
1.282 ± 0.191
Number of leaves (per/plant)
6.333 ± 0.363
Leaf width (mm)
8.824 ± 0.603
Leaf length (mm)
69.707 ± 2.802
Total leaf area (mm
2
)
3641.013 ± 432.658
Mean leaf area (mm
2
)
490.830 ± 43.571
X: Means of investigated parameters, )
*
: Standard error
There were some studies examining some botanical characteristics of Serapias bergonii (Syn: S. vomeracea
subsp. laxiflora (Soo) Golz et Reinhard) (Delforge, 2006; Venhuis et al., 2007) species (Sevgi et al., 2012) and
S. vomeracea species (Renz and Taubenheim, 1984; Guler, 2005; Delforge, 2006; Sandal, 2009; Arabaci et al.,
2014; Ertas et al., 2019) in the S. vomeracea group (Ertas et al., 2019). In the aforementioned studies, plant
height values were reported by Renz and Taubenheim (1984) as 10-40 cm, by Delforge (2006) as 15-42 cm, by
Guler (2005) as 10-46 cm, by Sandal (2009) as 10-30 cm, by Sevgi et al. (2012) as 226.88 ± 3.63 mm, by Arabaci
et al. (2014) as 15.62-31.33 cm and by Ertas et al. (2019) as 24.33 ± 5.70 cm. In the studies, plant height values
ranged between 6.79-33.21 cm and the average was determined as 20.150 ± 1.745 cm. Sevgi et al. (2012)
reported that the average tuber width and length values of this species were 11.28 ± 0.23 mm (between 5-19
mm) and 16.41 ± 0.35 mm (between 8-30 mm), respectively. Arabaci et al. (2014) reported that the diameter
of the tuber varied between 13.93-17.10 mm. In our study, these characteristics were measured as 21.03 ± 1.65
mm and 27.65 ± 2.07 mm, respectively, which is higher than the measurements of Sevgi et al. (2012) and
Arabaci et al. (2014). Sevgi et al. (2012) conducted their research on the tubers they had collected from nature.
In this study, tubers which were grown in more suitable conditions for two years after being harvested from
Caliskan O et al. (2020). Not Bot Horti Agrobo 48(1):245-260.
252
nature, are discussed. Arabaci et al. (2014) carried out studies in an ecology which has a drier climate in terms
of working conditions, and acquired 2.49-5.71 g/plant fresh yield with 1.37-1.96 tubers/plants. Similarly, while
Ertas et al. (2019) acquired 5.30 ± 0.25 g fresh yield, meaning 4.69 g/tuber yield for each tuber, from a plant
producing an average of 1.13 ± 0.34 tubers, in this study, the datas ranged between 2.07-10.21 grams, and the
average tuber fresh weight was 6.52 ± 0.94 g/tuber. As can be seen in Figure 2, the yield increases to 6.92-10.21
grams when the average data of plants that have not yet passed into flowering are ignored.
According to Delforge (2006) S. vomeracea species has 6-9 leaves which are 6-14 cm in length. In this
study, the number of leaves ranging from 3.00-9.83, belonging to an average of 6.33±0.36 species, were reported
to be similar in different studies. Guler (2005) reported 4-9, Sandal (2009) reported 4-6 and Ertas et al. (2019)
reported 3.50±0.70 units/plant. Evaluated in 7 different groups, the leaf width of S. vomeracea plants varied
between 3.78-13.52 mm and the leaf length ranged from 45.82 to 95.33 mm, with an average of 8.82 ± 0.60
mm and 69.71 ± 2.80 mm, respectively. S. vomeracea species' leaf length and width values were reported by
Guler (2005) as 4.5-17.0 cm and 0.6-2.0 cm and by Ertas et al. (2019) as 9.34 ± 1.10 cm and 1.78 ± 0.14 cm,
respectively. Compared to these studies, the leaf values obtained were within the expected range. Total leaf area
was determined as 389.83-7452.17 mm
2
and the average was 3641.01 ± 432.66 mm and information pertaining
to the leaf area of S. vomeracea species was reported for the first time in this study.
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