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MLA HEADING PLEASE The Catcher in the Rye 
By J.D. Salinger English 11 Unit Packet The Catcher in the Rye Essential questions to ponder: * How is literature like life? * What is literature supposed to do? * What influences a writer to create? * What is the purpose and function of art in our culture? * How does literature reveal the values of a given culture or time period? * How does the study of fiction and nonfiction texts help individuals construct their understanding of reality? * In what ways are all narratives influenced by bias and perspective? * Where does the meaning of a test reside? Within the text, within the reader, or within the transaction that occurs between them? * Can a reader infer an author’s intentions based on the text? * What are enduring questions and conflicts that writers (and their cultures) grappled with hundreds of years ago and are still relevant today? * How do we gauge the optimism or pessimism of a particular time period or particular group of writers? * Are there universal themes in literature that are of interest or concern to all cultures and societies? * What are the characteristics or elements that cause a piece of literature to endure? * What distinguishes a good read from great literature? * Who decides the criteria for judging whether or not a book is any good? * What is the purpose of : science fiction? satire? historical novels, etc.? Literary terms to know: alliteration allusion parallelism caricature personification conflict point of view fragments for purpose repetition for purpose geography in literature satire hyperbole simile imagery style inference symbol irony the quest litotes tone meandering sentences universal themes metaphor varied sentences lengths narrator weather in literature onomatopoeia zeugma Recognize and identify these characters from the novel: Holden Caulfield Phoebe Caulfield Allie Caulfield D.B. Caulfield Stradlater Ackley Jane Gallagher Mr. Antolini Faith Cavendish Sally Hayes Mr. Spencer Narrative techniques: * Is the narrator part of the story? If so, how much influence does he/she have on what happens? * To what degree does the narrator participate in the action of the story? (Observes, participates some, or participates fully?) * Is the narrator conscious of the story telling and commenting on it or not? * Is the narrator’s presentation of the situation and people reliable, partially reliable or biased? * Does the narrator take the reader inside his or her mind? * Is the reader listening in on one character telling the story to another? * Is the narration written in the form of a diary or a letter? * Is the narrator telling the story from a significant time in his or her past? Diction: Using Appropriate Level of Diction -- Diction and Style (Taken from Write for College) Do you speak the same way when you interview for a job or a scholarship, as you do when you are speaking casually with your friends? Do you choose the same words in class that you choose when you are riding in the car with your buddies? Do you use the same slang terms with your grandmothers as you do with your classmates? The chances are great that you said no to at least one or maybe all three of the questions. The reason is obvious. Different situations and different audiences require different levels of language usage. Writing is exactly the same. Most academic papers should meet the general standards of formal English. The level of language is serious in tone, thoughtful in word choice, careful in writing conventions, and so on. Informal English is appropriate for assignments like personal narratives, vignettes, or commentaries and reviews. Informal English has a more personal quality, an occasional use of slang, contractions and personal references like I, he, she, we (still avoid you unless writing editorial or steps in a process). Just as you should understand when to use more formal spoken English, you should also know when to use more formal written English. Students sometimes get confused because they grow comfortable using text messaging, instant messaging, or email. Because these forms of communication are close to real-talk, the Standard English conventions are often overlooked. Words are shortened or misspelled or abbreviated. As a mature writer, be careful that the insta-write doesn’t creep into your academic or business writing. Essays written for school, college entrance applications, or standardized tests should contain, at the very least, informal Standard English. Author’s word choice based on correctness, clarity, and effectiveness defines DICTION. * Archaic -- words that are old-fashioned and no longer sound natural when used (thou art) * Colloquialism -- an expression that is usually accepted in informal situation and in certain locations (soda, bubbler) * Jargon -- (technical words) specialized language used by a special group such as used in computers (override, interface, download) * Profanity -- language that shows disrespect for someone or something regarded as sacred or holy. Authors sometimes use profanity in their writing to create realism. However, it is inappropriate to use profanity in high school level writing assignments. In this course profanity is the effort of a feeble mind trying to express itself. * Slang -- language used by a particular group of people among themselves; it is also language used in fiction and special writing situations to land color of feeling. You may use slang sparingly and to surprise the reader. * Trite -- language that lacks depth or originality, or is over-used or not worth mentioning in the first place -- Wal-Mart words = like a cliché if you have heard it before, don’t use it. Vapid, hackneyed, pointless * Vulgarity -- language that is considered common, course, crude, or gross (sometimes offensive). It is used in fiction writing to add realism. It is often used as a cheap vehicle for humor. Vulgarity is inappropriate for the academic setting or formal setting. Label the sentences below: Notice that some may fall into two possible definitions -- be prepared to defend your choice. ______________ 1. That party was totally awesome and completely out of this world. ______________ 2. Burping out loud in class is an example of… ______________ 3. “My, Bad!” ______________ 4. Thou doest as I say! ______________ 5. That was a groovy dance. ______________ 6. Alex took the jack out of the boot of his car. ______________ 7. Lol-i c what u mean : ) ______________ 8. Cursing or calling something considered sacred in a disrespectful way Write your own examples: Archaic: Trite: Colloquialism: Slang: Jargon: Diction Practice * Complete each sentence using words in the word list… informal English insta-write obsolete jargon formal English vulgarity hackney vapid colloquialism obscenity archaic slang _______________ 1. Most computers that are two years old or older are now considered __________. _______________ 2. Holden uses __________ when he discusses his roommate. _______________ 3. Andy forgot she was writing to her grandmother when she wrote her __________ message. I M 4 it. _______________ 4. The conversation between the bored students was __________ and pointless. _______________ 5. That old phone book is out of date and __________ and archaic. _______________ 6. The psychological __________ seemed like another language to me. _______________ 7. When Gilly is mad, she will often use an __________ to emphasize her anger. _______________ 8. __________ should be used in academic and business writing. _______________ 9. When Angie asked if she could have a soda, I knew that __________ meant a soft drink. _______________10. The cliché was so ___________ that it did not produce the effect the writer intended. _______________11. Every class subject has its own __________. _______________12. When Grant talked, he used __________ words such as oughta, gotta, and ain’t. _______________13. Narrative essays and vignettes are a good place to use _________. _______________14. ___________ is inappropriate in most situations. profanity outmoded trite blasphemy archaic slang _______________15. The expression “Just do it!” has become a very __________ one. _______________16. Using __________ in the classroom can cause you to get a detention. _______________17. A Christian would not __________ God in any way. _______________18. The word “wicked” does not always have a negative connotation, if it is used as ___________. _______________19. Slide rulers became __________ archaic with the introduction of calculators. _______________20. The old hippy frequently used the __________ phrase, “Far out, man.” _______________21. Holden felt guilty about his irreverence and _________ after he spoke to the nuns on the train. _______________22. His __________ remarks were overused and very annoying.
(Note: You can use "to" before all the verbs in a sentence or only before the first one.) Do not mix forms. Example 1 Not Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle. Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle. Example 2 Not Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed manner. Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly. Example 3 Not Parallel: The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was low. Parallel: The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lacked motivation. Clauses A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. Changing to another pattern or changing the voice of the verb (from active to passive or vice versa) will break the parallelism. Example 1 Not Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game. Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game. — or —
Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and do some warm-up exercises before the game. Example 2 Not Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers. (passive) Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions. Lists after a Colon Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form. Example 1 Not Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs. Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs. Proofreading Strategies to Try:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/623/01/ Parallel Structure Exercises: Read the sentences below. Circle around the number of all the sentences that demonstrate parallel structure. 1. She likes to listen to music and reading the latest novels. He spent his time studying 2. Spanish, working at the convenience store, and he jogged every afternoon. 3. The dog was excited: running, barking, and chasing after the boys. 4. The apartment was filled with old newspapers, broken bottles, and the ashtrays were overflowing. 5. Making cookies, wrapping presents, and shopping for gifts are the jobs my mother does for Christmas. 6. I ran down the hall, skidded into the restroom, and ducked behind a stall door. 7. People either like cats or some people hate them. 8. To be or not to be; that is the question. 9. It is not possible to do my math, read a book, and to watch TV all at the same time. 10. Sometimes it is better to forgive and forget. Parallelism Practice
1. Mary wanted to paint her office, to add some new draperies, and the carpet need cleaning. 2. Last year, my brother dropped out of school, was looking for work, and needed a place to stay. 3. He watched the latest version of King Lear, studied for his math test, and was talking on the phone. 4. Using parallelism in writing provides balance, rhythm, and it makes it clear. 5. My chores are feeding the dogs, making sure the kitty litter is cleaned, and I do dinner dishes once a week. * Write a sentence demonstrating parallel structure that tells something you know about diction or point of view. Zeugma
Zeugma -- (from a Greek word, meaning “yoke”) is a figure of speech describing the joining of two or more parts of a sentence with a single common verb or noun. It employs both ellipsis (the omission of words which are easily understood) and parallelism (the balance of several words or phrases). The result is a series of similar phrases joined or yoked together by a common and implied noun or verb. Zeugma -- a general term describing when one part of speech (most often the main verb, but sometimes a noun) governs two or more other parts of a sentence (often in a series). Zeugma -- (zoog’-muh) n. the use of a word to modify or govern two or more words, usu. In such a manner that it applies to each in a different sense, or makes sense with only one. Examples: * Discontinue use if you feel pain or faint. * By the time we left the bar, I’d bought her story and her three drinks. * After the storm was the city of broken dreams and windows. * It certainly wouldn’t break anyone’s heart or bank to give some time to charity. * The farmers in the valley grew potatoes, peanuts, and bored. * He lost his coat and his temper. * She opened the door and her heart to the orphan. * He left in a dusty Ford and a fit of rage. * Mr. Murphy took his hat and his leave. * The con artist stole his money and his trust. Use the zeugma sparingly in essays. However, one per essay is not overkill. A zeugma can create an excellent clincher conclusion. It can also drive home a point or add emphasis. Be on the lookout for the use of the zeugma in things you read. Satire * Satire -- a literary work that ridicules its subject through the use of techniques such as exaggeration, reversal, incongruity, and/or parody in order to make a comment or criticism about it. * exaggeration = hyperbole to enlarge, increase, or represent something beyond normal bounds so that it becomes ridiculous and its faults can be seen. * incongruity to present things that are out of place or are absurd in relation to its surroundings. * reversal to present the opposite of the normal order (e.g., the order of events, hierarchical order). * parody to imitate the techniques and/or style of some person, place, or thing. * understatement = litotes the writer uses a statement in the negative to create the effect: "You know, Einstein was not a bad mathematician." (i.e., Einstein was a good mathematician.) Writing Response = Answer the following questions and be prepared to share your response. “What makes a fairy tale a fairy tale? What are the characteristics of the genre? Shrek-Elements of Humor 51:20 and ends at 53:20 on both the DVD and VHS versions of the movie. The clip depicts the capture of Princess Fiona by Robin Hood, who mistakenly thinks that the Princess has been taken against her will by the ogre, Shrek. After “rescuing” the princess, Robin Hood and his Merry Men pause to introduce themselves bSatirical Technique Evidence from the clip y performing a ridiculous song and dance number. In the middle of the routine, Princess Fiona screams, “That’s enough!” and single handedly attacks and subdues Robin Hood and all of his Merry Men.
Incongruity Parody
Reversal
Hyperbole Litotes
The Satire of Holden Some readers are amused by Holden’s satirical presentation of people. Concrete, detailed descriptions of the way people look and act are part of his presentation. Often aspects of the people are exaggerated or oversimplified by Holden. You will be assigned one character and a group. When you meet in group answer the following questions about the character you were assigned. CHARACTER: Spencer Holden Stradlater Ackley 1. What is your impression of this person? 2. What actions contribute to your impression? 3. What descriptive words or phrases does Holden use in presenting this character? 4. What is being criticized or exaggerated about the person? 5. What is the weakness of the character? 6. What does the person say that seems to suggest any of the above? (cite page number/paraphrase) J.D. Salinger
* He was considered a bit odd or stand-offish as a youth, BUT he could appear as warm and charming. * During his school years, Salinger had no problem amusing his friends with funny stories and jokes, BUT when it came time for the group to go out to party, Salinger stayed behind: a charming loner.
* Father sends Salinger to Poland to learn the meat business first hand; Salinger was disgusted by slaughterhouses and made a conscious decision to take a different career path. * Salinger did not attend his father’s funeral. * Salinger wanted to get away from his family; going to military school was probably his idea. * Salinger was the manager of the school fencing team. * Salinger suffered serious mental trauma due to his experience in World War II. He landed at Utah Beach in an amphibious craft. Here he witnessed 50 or his fellow soldiers die in one day. After four months of fighting, 75% of his unit had died. * Salinger checked himself into a military hospital on a Section 8 after the liberation of Paris. * Salinger’s daughter believed he was among the first soldiers to witness the concentration camps. He never wrote about it. * Salinger never earned a college degree. * Salinger often enjoyed being in the presence of teens. He would allow them to come to his house. * Salinger liked the New Yorker because it did not publish author profiles. He adopted the opinion that the less known about the author the more attention could be directed to the work itself. Love Life: * first marriage annulled. * Claire Douglas young and attending Dartmouth -- 2 children, rocky marriage -- Claire felt neglected because Salinger spent all day in his bunker writing. * Live-in girlfriend writer Joyce Maynard -- she was 19 when they met * Third marriage to a nurse 30 years his junior. Remain married today. What does Salinger do? * Living today in New Hampshire. Likes to drive to town and eat lunch at a pub. Orders organic soup with extra pickles and chips. * Likes to watch TV and eat dinner on metal folding TV trays * Avid fan of Gilligan’s Island, Leave It To Beaver, Andy Griffith, and Dynasty * Lives on 450 acre private country estate. Has a concrete bunker built in which he writes on an old manual typewriter and sits in an old car seat. He would spend as many as 16 hours in the bunker. * Salinger said in 1986 that he continues to write. It is hard to know if it is true. His daughter believes he does. Supposedly he has a vault where he keeps all his writing. * When asked if his writing will be published posthumously, he was evasive. He said he writes for himself. His daughter states that he once called her to his study and showed off his color-coded manuscripts. One color, she said, was to be published as is after death. Another color could be published after editing and after death. * Salinger buys his clothing through L.L. Bean type catalogues. He is fastidious and sometimes he wears an English tailored wool jacket. * Salinger is still a vegetarian. ************************************************************************ Salinger vs. Finding Forester As you view the film, watch for similarities between the character William Forester and J.D. Salinger. Look at the background, costuming, and other details that indicated the connection to Salinger. Write your observations on a piece of notebook paper and turn it in when the film is over.
Watching the Weather in Literature and Film There is no argument that weather impacts much of what we do and arguably even how we feel. Studies have shown that in climates like ours where sunny days are sparse in winter, that sunlight therapy has been found to be an effective tool to combat winter depression. Think about the experience of kicking leaves as one walks on a crisp fall day. It lifts our spirits. What about the carefree fun children have jumping in the raked leaves? A sunny summer day, a cool spring morning, a starry night: are often reflections of human emotions. The weather also foreshadows certain events that may occur. It was a dark and stormy night… He wandered aimlessly in the foggy moors…“ a splendid Midsummer, skies so pure, suns so radiant…” (Emily Bronte) The events that follow may be somewhat predictable; if not events, the mood is clear. So what does this mean for you, a student of literature? When an author chooses his/her setting, weather is an important consideration. Why does Elie Wiesel mention the snow on the shoulders of the prisoners? What mood did it convey? What did it show about their situation? Pearl Buck included a drought as part of her novel. What was its purpose? It ends up being a turning point in the novel. After the drought, Wang Lung and his starving family is forced to leave the land. As you read or watch films pay attention to the weather. Directors and authors often include it for a purpose. If you begin to examine novels and films, paying attention to what the weather foreshadows or implies about the human emotions, you will be rewarded by a richer reading and viewing experience. Let’s try it. What human emotion could the following imply? What could each foreshadow? Soft rain Thunderstorm Hurricane Gentle snow Blizzard Sizzling hot sun Sub zero temperatures on frozen tundra Rushing flood waters Drought Gentle wind Bitter cold weather As you read the novels and view films in this class, always try to guess how weather is being used to advance the story, characters, or theme. Geography Matters in Literature Okay, we have discussed the role of weather in literature. We said it advances the plot, provides character development in the form of emotion, foreshadows things to come, and promotes the theme. Now, what about geography? In literature, geography can mean anything from a particular place like London to a topographical landmark like a swamp or forest. How does it work? Geography functions much like weather in literature. Authors and directors make conscious choices about what geography he/she wishes to include. For example, Shrek hangs out in the swamp. He is an ogre. The connotation is that the swam is a bad foreboding place. Using reversal the swamp indicates a place of protection, comfort and peace? Hansberry carefully constructs her geography by placing the Youngers in a run-down Chicago neighborhood. The only hope is the plant placed in the window that lets in minimal sunlight. At the end of the drama, Mama takes the plant with her to the new house where she will have sun and the family will grow. As a student of literature, you should get into the practice of looking to those geographical locations as potential signposts that do much the same as the infusion of weather. As you watch any film, begin to notice the geography AND the weather. Ask yourself, why did the director choose to use the stadium for that scene? Why did the author choose to include a fallen tree in the roadway? What does that indicate? When you start looking for those landmarks your reading and understanding will be greatly enhanced. Let’s try it: A mountain An overgrown thicket filled with briar bushes An open meadow A narrow path A busy street A crowded elevator A major league ball park A duck pond at Central Park Signs of Holden’s Emotional Instability Weather & Geography * Complete this sheet and be prepared to discuss your findings, supporting your ideas with citations from the novel. You will be looking for evidence from weather and/or geography to demonstrate foreshadowing, advancement or symbolizing of Holden’s emotional instability. Be sure to include page numbers. Weather or Geography Tendency toward exaggeration: Feeling of depression: Isolation/alienation: Violent outbursts: Repeated lying: Extreme nervousness: Fantasy world: Erratic mood swings: Onomatopoeia -- Add a Sound Track to Your Writing The best readers tend to make mind movies to comprehend what they read. Because writers understand that process, authors will often include a sound track. Sometimes it is in the form of dialogue, but often an author infuses sound by using onomatopoeia. Besides being just a great word, onomatopoeia is a word that sounds like what it represents. Read the following poem and circle any word that represents a sound. “Noises” The click of the clock, the creak of the stair, The squeak of a mouse and the swoosh of the air. The groan of the house as it settles below, And outside the window, the patter of the snow. The scruff of the dog’s paws below where I rest, The rattle of the window that seems to face West. The jingle of bells from a wind chime next door The unearthly sounds of a truly loud snore. The crunching of snow under an animal’s feet, The honk of a horn from right down the street. So many noises I just want to weep, Is it too much to ask for some sleep? -- by Danielle Caryl Look at the list of words below. Use as many as you can in the next 5 minutes to write a vignette about getting ready for school or driving to school or heading to class. argh drip bang, banged, banging fizz bash, bashed, bashing flick, flicker bawl, bawled, bawling flip beep, beeped, beeping flutter belch, belched, belching giggle blab, blabbed, blabbing gurgle, gurgled, gurgling blare, blared, blaring haha blurt, blurted, blurting hack bonk, bonked, bonking hiss bong hohoho boo-hoo kerplunk boom mumble bow-wow ooze bubble ping, plop bump, bumped, bumping pop, popped, popping buzz, buzzed, buzzing rattle chatter roar, roared, roaring chirp rustle, rustled, rustling choo-choo screech, screeched, screeching clang, clanged, clanging shuffle clank, clanked, clanking sizzle, sizzled, sizzling clap, clapped, clapping slash clatter, clattered, clattering slurp click smack crackle zap cuckoo zip
If It Is a Trip…It’s a Quest Anytime a character in cinema or literature takes a trip…it is probably a quest. A quest according to Encarta Dictionary is “a search for something, especially a long or difficult one.” Elements of the quest: The questor The journey and the obstacles The call Significant people who act as guides or helpers The initial goal Achieves goal Intangible treasure gained In every type of media, whether it is a movie, a TV show, or a book, there seems to be a journey present. Archetypes and quest elements are found and analyzed in everything.
Writing Activity (For Absent Make UP) In Chapter 1, Holden tells the reader, “What I was really hanging around for, I was trying to feel some kind of good-bye. I mean I’ve left schools and places I didn’t even know I was leaving them. I hate that. I don’t care if it’s a sad good-by or a bad good-by, but when I leave a place I like to know I’m leaving it. If you don’t, you feel even worse.” (p4) Since Holden had been put out of prep school, he is trying to bring closure to his experience there. Think of a time when you had to leave a place or bring closure to an experience. Use the following note details to bring the experience to a satisfactory conclusion. A time you had to say good-bye: When:
Where: Who was involved -- their relation to you: Why you had to leave or end the experience: What you did to say good-bye: First - Second - Third - How things ended: Not an Essay -- Just Some Paragraphs You will be expected to write a paragraph for each of the following assignments below. Each paragraph must include a concise topic sentence, at least four or five supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. Each writing response is worth 35 points, formatting is worth 35 pts and meeting deadline is worth 25 points. The rubric for the assignment is on the reverse side of this page. Onomatopoeia and circle the example * Choose one theme that you believe is evident in the novel and use the title, characterization, plot, point of view, and symbol as supporting detail. Include one example of (Expository Paragraph) Circle it. * Define the archetypical structure of the quest using The Catcher in the Rye to illustrate your points. Include one color word and (Extended definition format) * Write one paragraph describing the weather motif - stress how weather is used to advance the plot, character, or theme of the novel. Include one zeugma within the paragraph and underline it. (Descriptive Paragraph format) * Write one or two paragraph in which you compare the style of J.D. Salinger to that of Sue Monk Kidd using the novel The Catcher in the Rye and the novel The Secret Life of Bees. Demonstrate your mastery of parallel sentence structure and underline example. (Comparison/contrast format) Remember to use MLA format, title, cite if needed, and include Works Cited page by itself. Four-Paragraph Rubric- Name________________________________
Total Points________________________/200 English 11English 11 Yüklə 170,88 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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