Monitoring and Prediction of the Earth’s Climate: a future Perspective

The transformation of earth-system observations into information of socio-economic value in GEOSS
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
Volume 131, Issue 613, Date: October 2005 Part C, Pages: 3493-3512
Anthony Hollingsworth, Sakari Uppala, Ernst Klinker, David Burridge, Frederic Vitart, Jeanette Onvlee, J. W. De Vries, Ad De Roo, Christian Pfrang
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select this item for viewing Modeling and simulation of net centric system of systems using systems modeling language and colored Petri-nets: A demonstration using the global earth observation system of systems
Systems Engineering
Volume 11, Issue 3, Date: Autumn (Fall) 2008, Pages: 203-220
Madwaraj Rao, Sreeram Ramakrishnan, Cihan Dagli
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select this item for viewing Effects of sample and grid size on the accuracy and stability of regression-based snow interpolation methods
Hydrological Processes
Early View
J. Ignacio López Moreno, J. Latron, A. Lehmann
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Systems Engineering
Volume 10, Issue 4, Date: Winter 2007, Pages: 297-308
Jo Ann Lane, Ricardo Valerdi
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select this item for viewing Overview of global data assimilation developments in numerical weather-prediction centres
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
Volume 131, Issue 613, Date: October 2005 Part C, Pages: 3215-3233
Florence Rabier
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physica status solidi (b)
Volume 68, Issue 1, Date: 1 March 1975, Pages: 9-42
S. Permogorov
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The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology
Volume 72, Issue 2, Date: October 1956, Pages: 673-680
J. P. Smith, A. C. P. Campbell
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Hydrological Processes
Volume 18, Issue 16, Date: November 2004, Pages: 2967-2976
Kuniyoshi Takeuchi
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Stefano Nativi, Paolo Mazzetti, Hannu Saarenmaa, Jeremy Kerr, Eamonn O Tuama, Biodiversity and climate change use scenarios framework for the GEOSS interoperability pilot process, Ecological Informatics, Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 23-33, ISSN 1574-9541, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2008.11.002.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7W63-4VFJSFH-1/2/7a870beba66bea60e4fd5cd669bf01c0)

Abstract:

Climate change threatens to commit 15-37% of species to extinction by 2050. There is a clear need to support policy-makers analyzing and assessing the impact of climate change along with land use changes. This requires a megascience infrastructure that is capable of discovering and integrating enormous volumes of multi-disciplinary data, i.e. data from biodiversity, earth observation, and climatic archives. Metadata and services interoperability is necessary. The Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) works to realize such an interoperability infrastructure based on systems architecture standardization. In this paper we describe the results of linking the infrastructures of Climate Change research and Biodiversity research together using the approach envisioned by GEOSS. In fact, we present and discuss a service-oriented framework which was applied to implement and demonstrate the Climate Change and Biodiversity use scenario of the GEOSS Interoperability Process Pilot Project (IP3). This interoperability is done for the purpose of enabling scientists to do large-scale ecological analysis. We describe a generic use scenario and related modelling workbench that implement an environment for studying the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. The Service Oriented Architecture framework, which realizes this environment, is described. Its standard-based components and services, according to GEOSS requirements, are discussed. This framework was successfully demonstrated at the GEO IV Ministerial Meeting in Cape Town, South Africa November 2007.

Keywords: Biodiversity; Climate Change; SOA (Service Oriented Architecture); Mediation services; GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems); IP3 (Interoperability Process Pilot Project); Megascience infrastructure; Macroecological research

Eliot Christian, Planning for the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), Space Policy, Volume 21, Issue 2, May 2005, Pages 105-109, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2005.03.002.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4G1WYBH-1/2/666b2e10d2f62b171011dfdb7211fe8f)

Abstract:

The Group on Earth Observations was established to promote comprehensive, coordinated, and sustained Earth observations. Its mandate is to implement the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) in accord with the GEOSS 10-Year Implementation Plan and Reference Document. During the months over which the GEOSS Implementation Plan was developed, many issues surfaced and were addressed. This article discusses several of the more interesting or challenging of those issues--e.g. fitting in with existing organizations and securing stable funding--some of which have yet to be resolved fully as of this writing. Despite the relatively short period over which the Implementation Plan had to be developed, there is a good chance that the work undertaken will be influential for decades to come.

, Calibration and validation for GEOSS*, COSPAR Information Bulletin, Volume 2006, Issue 167, December 2006, Pages 88-93, ISSN 0045-8732, DOI: 10.1016/S0045-8732(01)80009-7.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2J-47S62YX-9/2/64a71723fa74cb89fa8a19075b2dc156)

Conrad C. Lautenbacher, The Global Earth Observation System of Systems: Science Serving Society, Space Policy, Volume 22, Issue 1, February 2006, Pages 8-11, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2005.12.004.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4J5SMDP-1/2/4507e14df3815807b110d96e31668200)

Abstract:

Over the next decade, a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) will revolutionize our understanding of the Earth and how it works, producing societal benefits through more coordinated observations, better data management, increased data sharing and timely applications. The political momentum behind the establishment of GEOSS is described and examples of its benefits--drought prediction, disease monitoring, accuracy of weather and energy needs forecasting, disaster mitigation--are provided. While challenges exist, particularly in the area of making data accessible, steps are being taken to meet them, e.g. through the new GEO-Netcast concept. Interagency collaboration within countries is as important as international cooperation; the efforts of the US Group on Earth Observations in this regard are discussed. Maintaining the strong political support here and in all participating countries will be key to the success of GEOSS.

Laurence Nardon, GEOS and its US and European components: Challenges and impact, Space Policy, Volume 22, Issue 2, May 2006, Pages 149-151, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2006.02.004.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4JT38NY-3/2/f0eafd31d66a6215de5ef2345141faae)

Abstract:

The Centre Francais sur les Etats Unis (CFE) held a day-long workshop on GEOSS, GMES and IEOS on 17 January 2006. Sponsored by Arianespace, the invitation-only roundtable drew some 50 participants from European and US administration, industry and academia. The programme and the presentations are on the CFE web site: www.cfe-ifri.net. This report summarizes the proceedings.

Yuqi Bai, Liping Di, Yaxing Wei, A taxonomy of geospatial services for global service discovery and interoperability, Computers & Geosciences, Volume 35, Issue 4, Geoscience Knowledge Representation in Cyberinfrastructure, April 2009, Pages 783-790, ISSN 0098-3004, DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2007.12.018.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V7D-4V2HJMT-1/2/71656eacf40b6d26a0ae86d3eb837215)

Abstract:

Geospatial service taxonomies represent the knowledge about the characteristics of geospatial services from the enterprise, computational, information, engineering, infrastructure, or technology viewpoints. This paper presents a lightweight taxonomy of geospatial services with the aim of promoting the global sharing of and interoperability among geospatial service instances. This taxonomy focuses on the knowledge connected with service interoperability. As a hierarchical taxonomy, it consists of six layers: service category, service type, version, profile, binding and uniform resource name (URN), from the root down to the leaves. Each layer is composed of classification nodes, with each node identifying one classification concept. Each concept, with a concrete semantic meaning, can be used to classify service instances. The application of this classification scheme to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) Component and Service registry is also introduced. The results of this study may lead to the further development of service taxonomy to thoroughly capture the knowledge about geospatial services. The lessons learned may be useful to others representing and manipulating geoscientific knowledge.

Keywords: Geospatial web service; Classification; Classification scheme; Classification node; Taxonomy; Knowledge representation
Douglas M. Muchoney, Earth observations for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems, Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 112, Issue 5, Earth Observations for Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecosystems Special Issue, 15 May 2008, Pages 1909-1911, ISSN 0034-4257, DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2008.01.003.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6V-4RV1JTP-1/2/7e7b6a9cb672671eee8580033fe8221b)

Abstract:

Earth observations, comprising satellite, aerial, and in situ systems, are increasingly recognized as critical observations for monitoring the Earth system and systems. Earth observation data are especially needed to fulfil the requirements of a host of international treaties and conventions, and to provide data and information to support conservation and resource management. The Group on Earth Observations, GEO was established to implement the Global Earth Observing Systems of Systems, GEOSS, which includes in its mandate the protection of ecosystems -- Improving the management and protection of terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems, and understanding, monitoring, and conserving biodiversity. This Special Issue focuses on Earth observations for terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. As such, it is a sampler of remote sensing assessments of the status and trends of biodiversity (species), and ecosystems.

Keywords: Earth observation; Biodiversity; Ecosystems; Terrestrial
Dong-Oh Cho, Mary Anne Whitcomb, A review of the ocean science and technology partnership between US and Korea, Marine Policy, Volume 32, Issue 3, May 2008, Pages 502-513, ISSN 0308-597X, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2007.09.015.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCD-4R0CR49-1/2/011386814d25fd52b459e10657dbbcbe)

Abstract:

In 2001, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Integrated Coastal and Ocean Resources Scientific and Technical Arrangement was signed to pursue scientific and technical cooperation in integrated coastal and ocean resources management in the mutual interest of the participants. Over the last 6 years, the cooperation has been very beneficial, particularly for advancing marine science and management programs in Korea, such as Deep Sea Aquaculture, Sea Grant College Program, Marine Protected Areas, and Ocean Observations. The benefits to NOAA from the cooperation include Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) buoys, ocean and coastal observations, GEOSS program, and Global Program of Action. Also the cooperation has spillover effects on other ocean science and technological arrangement between US and Korea. This article reviews purpose, obstacles, and achievement of the cooperation and suggests recommendations for the future steps.

Keywords: Science and technology; Cooperation; Marine environment; Ocean resources; Ocean management
Sam Benedict, 13 The coordinated enhanced observing period (CEOP) report: integrated data systems in the study of the water cycle in Asia, In: Renato Baudo, Gianni Tartari and Elisa Vuillermoz, Editor(s), Developments in Earth Surface Processes, Elsevier, 2007, Volume 10, Mountains Witnesses of Global Changes Research in the Himalaya and Karakoram: Share-Asia Project, Pages 87-94, ISSN 0928-2025, ISBN 9780444529909, DOI: 10.1016/S0928-2025(06)10013-9.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CWG-4P188SP-M/2/3fe8e17e1c1ff3103fffa1147ad93479)

Abstract:

CEOP has made important progress towards the realization of its long-term guiding scientific goal: 'To understand and model the influence of continental hydroclimate processes on the predictability of global atmospheric circulation and changes in water resources, with a particular focus on the heat source and sink regions that drive and modify the climate system and anomalies.' The scientific objective for the CEOP Water and Energy Simulation and Prediction (WESP) working group is to use enhanced observations to diagnose, simulate and predict water and energy fluxes and reservoirs over land on diurnal to annual temporal scales as well as apply these predictions for water resource applications. The CEOP Monsoon Studies Working Group aims to achieve another CEOP science objective: to document the seasonal march of the monsoon systems, assess their driving mechanisms, and investigate their possible physical connections. The CEOP Inter-monsoon Model Study (CIMS) has been undertaken to assess, validate and improve the capabilities of climate models in simulating physical processes in monsoon regions around the world. CIMS and WESP are demonstrating the utility of CEOP data for better understanding of the regional and global water cycle and for model physics improvement. The CEOP Data Management, Satellite Data Integration and Model Output Development and Management Working groups are attaining the CEOP goal to provide a database of common measurements from both in situ and satellite remote sensing measurements, as well as matching model output that includes Model Output Location Time Series (MOLTS) data along with four-dimensional data analyses (4DDA; including global/regional reanalyzes) for a specified period. By setting these goals, CEOP is responding to the challenges and priorities that relate to variations in the Earth's water and energy budgets and the cycling rate of the hydrological cycle as posed by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and will contribute to the development of WCRP COPES and the GEO, GEOSS.

V.S. Hegde, V. Jayaraman, Sanjay K. Srivastava, India's EO infrastructure for disaster reduction: Lessons and perspectives, Acta Astronautica, Volume 65, Issues 9-10, November-December 2009, Pages 1471-1478, ISSN 0094-5765, DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.03.079.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1N-4WGKKJC-2/2/91c3a570f7f3d7b2ffc857f1b38d2b46)

Abstract:

India has established a `critical mass' in terms of EO infrastructure for disaster management. Starting from IRS 1A in 1980s to the most recent CARTOSAT-2, India's EO series of satellites are moving away from the generic to thematic constellations. The series of RESOURCESAT, CARTOSAT, OCEANSAT and forthcoming Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) satellites exemplifies the thematic characters of the EO missions. These thematic constellations, characterized with multi-platform, multi-resolution and multi-parameter EO missions, are important assets for disaster reduction. In the more specific term, these constellations in conjunction with contemporary EO missions address the critical observational gaps in terms of capturing the catastrophic events, phenomena or their attributes on real/near real time basis with appropriate spatial and temporal attributes.

Using conjunctively the data primarily emanating these thematic constellations and all weather radar data from aerial platform and also from RADARSAT as gap-fillers has been a part of India's EO strategy for disaster management. The infrastructure has been addressing the observational needs in disaster management. The high resolution imaging better than one-meter spatial resolution and also Digital Elevation Models (DEM) emanating from Cartosat series are providing valuable inputs to characterize geo-physical terrain vulnerability. Radar Imaging Satellite, with all weather capability missions, is being configured for disaster management. At present, the current Indian EO satellites cover the whole world every 40 h (with different resolutions and swaths), and the efforts are towards making it better than 24 h. The efforts are on to configure RESOURCESAT 3 with wider swath of 740 km with 23 m spatial resolution and also to have AWiFS type of capability at geo-platform to improve the observational frequencies for disaster monitoring.

India's EO infrastructure has responded comprehensively to all the natural disasters the country has faced in the recent times. As a member of International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, India has also been instrumental in promoting the related UN initiatives viz., RESAP of UN ESCAP, SPIDER of UN OOSA, Sentinel Asia of JAXA initiative and also of GEOSS initiative. The paper intends to illustrate India's EO strategy for disaster reduction.

Miguel O. Roman-Colon, Alan H. Strahler, Land observation from geosynchronous earth orbit (LOGEO): Mission concept and preliminary engineering analysis, Acta Astronautica, Volume 61, Issues 1-6, Bringing Space Closer to People, Selected Proceedings of the 57th IAF Congress, Valencia, Spain, 2-6 October, 2006, June-August 2007, Pages 101-114, ISSN 0094-5765, DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.01.025.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1N-4N7RD16-3/2/0725315172b511c37b5103abf74bb75d)

Abstract:

We propose an Earth-observation mission Land Observation from Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (LOGEO) to place two spin-scan-stabilized 500-m resolution 9-band VNIR-SWIR imagers in a near-geosynchronous inclined orbit, allowing 15 min observations with a full range of daily sun angles and 30[ring operator] variations in view angle. LOGEO drifts westward at about 4[ring operator] per day, providing geostationary-style coverage for all points on the globe eight times per year. This unique imaging geometry allows accurate retrievals of daily changes in surface bidirectional reflectance, which in turn enhances direct retrieval of biophysical properties, as well as long term and consistent land surface parameters for modeling studies that seek to understand the Earth system and its interactions. For studies of climate and environmental dynamics, LOGEO provides accurate observations of atmospheric aerosols, clouds, as well as other atmospheric constituents across a diverse number of spatial and temporal scales. This collection of land, atmospheric, and climate data products are directly applicable to seven of the nine GEOSS societal benefits areas, providing great opportunities for international collaboration. We also present an overview of LOGEO's systems architecture, as well as top-level design-trade studies and orbital scenarios.

Garik Gutman, Contribution of the NASA Land-Cover/Land-Use Change Program to the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative: An overview, Global and Planetary Change, Volume 56, Issues 3-4, Northern Eurasia Regional Climate and Environmental Change, April 2007, Pages 235-247, ISSN 0921-8181, DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.017.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VF0-4M2XFDM-1/2/deab384673429b64f61354734058f148)

Abstract:

The Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI) is a rapidly growing program that involves national government agencies, academia and private organizations in the U.S., Europe, Japan and Northern Eurasia. During the last decade the Northern Eurasian region have been undergoing socioeconomic, climatic and demographic changes. The causes of these changes, the associated interactions between the land surface, the atmosphere and the surrounding ocean and the resultant impact on the sustainability of land use of the region are important topics for scientific research. The NEESPI Science Plan has been prepared as an integrated regional study to better understand these hemispheric-scale interactions, to evaluate the combined role of climate and anthropogenic impacts on the Northern Eurasia ecosystems, and to assess how future human actions would affect the global climate and ecosystems of the region. Projections of the consequence of global changes on the regional environment, the economy and the quality of life in Northern Eurasia that is of primary importance to the nations in the region is an additional focus of this initiative. The NASA Land-Cover/Land-Use Change (LCLUC) Program has supported NEESPI since its inception, and currently funds 26 NEESPI projects. Several other NASA programs are also currently supporting or planning to support the NEESPI. The NEESPI program links to the major international programs under the Earth System Science Partnership (IGBP, IHDP, DIVERSITAS and WCRP) and under the Global Terrestrial Observing System, such as the Global Observation of Forest Cover/Global Observation of Landcover Dynamics (GOFC/GOLD). A number of the NEESPI science activities are aligned with the Global Earth System of Systems (GEOSS) objectives, giving an emphasis to societal benefits, so that the NEESPI framework can serve as a regional test bed for international cooperation in developing a system of observational systems. Since it is a new program, most of the NEESPI research projects have just started. Therefore, rather than describing these projects this paper focuses on presenting some results of the longer term projects which are being continued under NEESPI, and on the expected products from the program and its future directions. More information on the projects can be found at http://neespi.org or http://lcluc.hq.nasa.gov.

Keywords: NASA; NEESPI; LCLUC
Molly K. Macauley, Is the vision of the Earth Observation Summit realizable?, Space Policy, Volume 21, Issue 1, February 2005, Pages 29-39, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2004.11.002.

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4FB9GXH-2/2/7dc0add87059417b0c0980dc14eaaa02)

Abstract:

At the Earth Observation Summit in 2003 at the US Department of State, environmental ministers from more than 30 countries joined three US cabinet secretaries to plan the creation of a system for international sharing of data about the atmosphere, the oceans and the land. The meeting grew in part out of commitments by leaders at a G-8 summit meeting in France to build an integrated global earth environmental monitoring system. Opportunities and problems both figure prominently in implementation of the Summit's vision. The challenges include who pays for infrastructure, training, and administration; whether to control data access; how to include the private sector; and whether problems of collective action will plague the effort.