Monitoring and Prediction of the Earth’s Climate: a future Perspective
Yüklə 411,35 Kb.
|
|
, Series editor's introduction, In: Vere Shannon, Gotthilf Hempel, Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli, Coleen Moloney and John Woods, Editor(s), Large Marine Ecosystems, Elsevier, 2006, Volume 14, Benguela - Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem, Page v, ISSN 1570-0461, ISBN 9780444527592, DOI: 10.1016/S1570-0461(06)80001-7. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8G6S-4NTHF8R-1/2/781932e656f450830db818591661cf75) Masahiko Nagai, Masafumi Ono, Ryosuke Shibasaki, Interoperability for Global Observation Data by Ontological Information, Tsinghua Science & Technology, Volume 13, Supplement 1, October 2008, Pages 336-342, ISSN 1007-0214, DOI: 10.1016/S1007-0214(08)70171-8. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7RKT-4TX6FMS-1X/2/72fb7d528ed903da42866f8b7be1a02d) Abstract: The Ontology registry system is developed to collect, manage, and compare ontological information for integrating global observation data. Data sharing and data service such as support of metadata deign, structuring of data contents, support of text mining are applied for better use of data as data interoperability. Semantic network dictionary and gazetteers are constructed as a trans-disciplinary dictionary. Ontological information is added to the system by digitalizing text based dictionaries, developing 'knowledge writing tool' for experts, and extracting semantic relations from authoritative documents with natural language processing technique. The system is developed to collect lexicographic ontology and geographic ontology. Keywords: ontology; interoperability; data integration; gazetteer; semantic network dictionary
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFV-4V402GP-1/2/65b52e025f31157b3967d45f42f945a4) Abstract: This paper examines Earth System Science as a novel approach to global environmental change research. Drawing upon Michel Foucault's governmentality concept, the paper opens up the Earth System metaphor to political analysis and asks what it does to our understanding of nature and society as a governable domain. We trace the scientific practices that have produced the Earth System as a thinkable analytical category back to the International Geophysical Year in 1957. We also identify `the Anthropocene' as a central and yet ambiguous system of thought for Earth System Science that harbours different strategies for sustainability in terms of (1) the persons over whom government is to be exercised; (2) the distribution of tasks and actions between authorities; and (3) contrasting ideals or principles for how government should be directed. Keywords: Earth System Science; Governmentality; Anthropocene; The coupled human and ecological system; Global environmental change research
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V3S-472CCV8-13K/2/75ec13a1e279011a8bee33f92e36a356) Abstract: An ion beam technique to measure the DC electric field as well as the magnetic field in the ionosphere is being developed. A Lithium ion beam ejected from the spacecraft in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field and some angle with the DC electric field returns to the origin after approximately one gyroperiod. There are two such directions, the beam ejected in one direction returns after a little longer time than the gyroperiod and the beam ejected in the other direction returns after a little shorter time than the gyroperiod. The deviation of the flight time of the beam from the gyroperiod gives the magnitude of the DC electric field and the two beam directions give the direction of the electric field. The magnetic field is given by making the average of the two flight times. A feasibility study of applying this technique to the measurement of the electric field and the magnetic field in the ionosphere is presented. A preliminary results of the laboratory test of the equipment is also given. Eishiro Shikata, Karl Maramorosch, Robert R. Granados, Electron microscopy of pea enation mosaic virus in plants and aphid vectors, Virology, Volume 29, Issue 3, July 1966, Pages 426-436, ISSN 0042-6822, DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(66)90218-2. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WXR-4BNVK9R-12S/2/4a07f6c8619be7063b1543a1742539e7) Abstract: Ultrathin sections were prepared from tissues of pea plants infected with pea enation mosaic virus and from pea aphid vectors of this virus. Infected plant tissues and various organs of the insect vector were excised, fixed with glutaraldehyde-osmic acid, embedded in epoxy resin, sectioned, stained with uranyl acetate and lead, and examined with a Siemens Elmiskop I in an attempt to locate the position of virions in cells. Numerous spherical particles, about 28 m[mu] in diameter, were found in the cytoplasm and central vacuoles of necrotic and nonnecrotic pea leaf and pod enations, but not in the mitochondria. Similar particles were detected in the fat body and gut lumen of viruliferous pea aphids. Dip preparations of sap from diseased plants also contained particles of the same size and shape. No similar particles were found in healthy pea tissues, in virus-free pea aphids, or in dip preparations from healthy plant material. The spherical particles probably represent the virions of pea enation mosaic virus. Unusual formations of particles were observed in vacuolated structures of plant cells. In rare instances virus microcrystals were found in the cytoplasm of plant cells. Pea enation mosaic virus is the first circulative aphid-borne virus localized by electron microscopy in plants and insects in situ. Raymond Kesner, A neural system analysis of memory storage and retrieval, Psychological Bulletin, Volume 80, Issue 3, September 1973, Pages 177-203, ISSN 0033-2909, DOI: 10.1037/h0034843. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WY5-4NSXCYG-1/2/deb6a94ac27b9ca9689c3eae856ee936) Abstract: Contends that from an information-processing viewpoint, memory can be subdivided into cue-access, short-term memory, and long-term memory storage and retrieval systems, which in turn are controlled by a number of operations, (e.g., match-mismatch, decay, and selective attention). Furthermore, it is assumed that specific neural substrates are maximally involved in the modulation of these specific processes essential to efficient mnemonic processing of information. Evidence is presented from previous studies to support this theoretical view of information processing. This evidence suggests that (a) the sensory systems and the cerebral cortex are critically involved in match-mismatch processing of information in the cue-access system, (b) the midbrain reticular formation and association cortex process information in the short-term memory system, and (c) the hippocampus is critically involved in consolidation and read-out of information in the long-term memory system. Evidence is also presented to suggest that after an initial preperceptual analysis information is transferred in parallel to the short-term and long-term memory systems, but that superimposed upon this parallel structure are sequential transfer processes (e.g., rehearsal). (6 p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved) Keywords: neural system analysis, human information storage & retrieval
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V66-488Y4SY-1JD/2/d7ef24be7f258f57a61d0817413476de) Abstract: Water and interstitial water from the reducing fjord of Saanich Inlet, British Columbia were analyzed for their major element composition, ammonia, phosphate and silica contents, and for stable isotope composition of sulfur and carbon species. Ca was the only major element to show a significant change with depth (a 75 per cent decrease in some cases). Ammonia and phosphate are highly enriched in the interstitial water (I.W.), concentrations reaching 250 ppm and 39 ppm, respectively. Total dissolved CO2 in I.W. increases strongly with depth (20 to 30 times that in overlying sea-water) and it becomes enriched in C13 ([delta]C13PDB [approximate] + 17.8%.). Both sulfate and dissolved sulfide decrease with depth to a complete disappearance of all sulfur species from the interstitial water. The dissolved sulfide is highly enriched in S34 ([delta]S34 [approximate] + 18%.). All these changes are attributed to strong biological activity in the sediments. B. J. Presley, Y. Kolodny, A. Nissenbaum, I. R. Kaplan, Early diagenesis in a reducing fjord, Saanich Inlet, British Columbia--II. Trace element distribution in interstitial water and sediment, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 36, Issue 10, October 1972, Pages 1073-1090, ISSN 0016-7037, DOI: 10.1016/0016-7037(72)90092-0. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V66-488Y288-3D/2/4afdf0994cd32c4fe4d1baa0b968ce87) Abstract: Sediment and interstitial water from four cores in Saanich Inlet were analyzed for total iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, zinc, lithium and strontium. In addition, three separate sediment fractions were analyzed: 1. (i) dilute acid soluble 2. (ii) hydrogen peroxide soluble and 3. (iii) non-extractable residue. In the interstitial waters, Fe, Mn and occasionally Zn showed enrichment varying from one to several orders of magnitude greater than the overlying sea water, the highest concentration was attained by Mn (3.3 ppm). Other elements were enriched only by a factor of 2 to 5 above sea water concentration. Enrichments are probably due to: 1. (1) organic complexing of the metals 2. (2) equilibration with mineral phases which could generally not be identified in the solid. Concentration of transition and base metals in the sediment is dependent on the source (provenance) of the detrital minerals and biogenic components (either skeletal tests or organic compounds). Little evidence was found for removal of these elements from the water column at the water-sediment interface. Diagenesis within the sediment column appears to be time-dependent. Mobilization of elements, particularly Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn, takes place away from the insoluble silicate phase into the H2O2 soluble phase, which suggests organic complexing.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8G44-4RBW50H-J/2/430c99d5b053a0ddc7fb5d2c4184784d) Abstract: The Monsoon Asia Integrated Regional Study (MAIRS) is a new Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) program aimed at the integrated study of environmental changes over monsoon Asian region. This paper briefly introduces MAIRS, its background and concept, scientific themes and objectives, data requirements and its information system, intensive observation experiment, and its linkage with ongoing international projects. Keywords: integrated regional study; monsoon Asia; earth system science; environmental change
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCR-4RJRVM5-1/2/3abef2be8d3c6593d37f286d385782de) Abstract: Several questions concerning the general circulation for which satisfactory answers are not yet available are discussed. The focus is on the zonal mean heat balance, since problems in our understanding of this balance are a fundamental limitation on our ability to model climate and climate change. The questions are: How strong is the atmosphere's poleward heat transport? What are the relative roles of large-scale eddies and small-scale convection in stabilizing the mid-latitude atmosphere? What are the dynamical mechanisms that maintain the time mean zonal mean state in mid-latitudes? Some suggestions for addressing these questions are given. Keywords: Mid-latitude atmosphere; Small-scale convection; Northern Hemisphere; Atmospheric heat transport
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CXY-4VGXKVC-J/2/84738c2e76e4c8e517ab4cc60ea38ea4) Bruno Harris, Cycle pairings and the heat equation, Topology, Volume 32, Issue 2, April 1993, Pages 225-238, ISSN 0040-9383, DOI: 10.1016/0040-9383(93)90016-O. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1J-45DJ1P5-7D/2/748dfcd908719a50666431e74bfe4d23) , Subject index, In: Renato Baudo, Gianni Tartari and Elisa Vuillermoz, Editor(s), Developments in Earth Surface Processes, Elsevier, 2007, Volume 10, Mountains Witnesses of Global Changes Research in the Himalaya and Karakoram: Share-Asia Project, Pages 341-342, ISSN 0928-2025, ISBN 9780444529909, DOI: 10.1016/S0928-2025(06)10041-3. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CWG-4P188SP-1F/2/0dff4c21d8b972a8bd790a284d130b8a) Jean-Louis Weber, Implementation of land and ecosystem accounts at the European Environment Agency, Ecological Economics, Volume 61, Issue 4, Special Issue on Environmental Accounting: Introducing the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003 - SEEA-2003 S.I., 15 March 2007, Pages 695-707, ISSN 0921-8009, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.05.023. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VDY-4MD46B8-1/2/4c1682677ab6a2f18f0ead50a931d67e) Abstract: The European Environment Agency has started the implementation of a programme of land use and ecosystem accounts, following the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts (SEEA) guidelines of the United Nations. The purpose is to integrate information across the various ecosystem components and to support further assessments and modelling of these components and their interactions with economic and social developments. This programme reflects the increasing demand for environmental policy integration in Europe, both vertically through thematic policies as well as horizontally across policies in those sectors that contribute most to environmental impacts. The construction of land and ecosystem accounts is now feasible due to continuous improvements in monitoring, collecting and processing data and progress with the development of statistical methods that facilitate data assimilation and integration. The accounts are based on explicit spatial patterns provided by comprehensive land cover accounts that can be scaled up and down using a 1 km2 grid to any type of administrative region or ecosystem zone (e.g., river basin catchments, coastal zones or bio-geographic areas). Land cover accounts have been produced for 24 countries in Europe and first results published in the European Environment State and Outlook2005 report of the EEA.1 Keywords: Land cover change; Corine; Europe; Ecosystem; Environmental accounts
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WY5-4NSXCX3-9/2/e7e7ef64b433a3e95bda39bae9b87a93) Abstract: Presents a collection of journal abstracts on nervous and mental disorders published between 1922 and 1923. Some of the topics discussed include examination of the pituitary gland in asylums and hospitals; significance of urea in dementia praecox; reaction of urine in mental disorders; the fasting blood-sugar in mental states and cellular changes in commotion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved) Keywords: nervous disorders; mental disorders
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VF4-4G05M8C-1/2/f8ab980c2dca459a1443c6d86f99e30a) , Meetings of Interest to COSPAR, Space Research Today, Volume 172, August 2008, Pages 42-44, ISSN 1752-9298, DOI: 10.1016/j.srt.2008.12.151. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CXY-4VGXKVC-K/2/36258c975c536f3612e54081ca7d708f) J. Hill, M. Stellmes, Th. Udelhoven, A. Roder, S. Sommer, Mediterranean desertification and land degradation: Mapping related land use change syndromes based on satellite observations, Global and Planetary Change, Volume 64, Issues 3-4, Climate Change and Desertification, December 2008, Pages 146-157, ISSN 0921-8181, DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.10.005. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VF0-4TPX0NJ-9/2/94a2a5eb1cfd987341a67e9689033e95) Abstract: In past decades, the European Mediterranean has undergone widespread land use transformations. These are largely driven by changes of socio-economic conditions, such as accession to the European Community, and had strong effects on the way the land is being used. Aiming at a systematic description of such change processes on a global level, the syndrome concept was proposed to describe archetypical, co-evolutionary patterns of human-nature interactions, and has been specifically linked to the desertification issue. In this study, we present an adaptation of the syndrome approach to the Iberian Peninsula. We suggest a data processing and interpretation framework to map the spatial extent of specific syndromes. The mapping approach is based on the time series analysis of satellite data. We have characterized vegetation dynamics using NDVI estimates from the coarse scale, hyper-temporal 1-km MEDOKADS archive, which is based on calibrated NOAA-AVHRR images. Results indicate that local patches of abrupt disturbance, mainly caused by fire, are contrasted by a widespread increase in vegetation, which is in large parts attributed to the abandonment of rural areas. Although this questions the dominance of classical desertification traits, i.e. decline of productivity after disturbance, it is concluded that the recent greening presents a different sort of environmental risk, as it may negatively impact on fire regimes and the hydrological cycle. Keywords: Mediterranean; desertification; land degradation; global change syndromes; remote sensing; time series analysis; NOAA-AVHRR
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VHC-4WC4WN3-1/2/952d40673888fc9c24d391fb2791a04a) Abstract: Most assessments of whether a water body will comply with pollutant standards after modification of land use, loading, or climate change are based on the results of deterministic simulation models. These models, including those used to support the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) total maximum daily load (TMDL) program, typically do not account for common sources of assessment uncertainty. Instead, model results are typically represented by a time series of predicted pollutant concentration values or the parameters of a frequency-based distribution of these values over a specified time period. The rate of exceedance of relevant pollutant limits is then assessed directly from this time series or distribution to determine standard compliance. In this way, sampling and analysis-based variability and model uncertainty are typically ignored, although they may substantially influence the probability of non-compliance. To help address this problem, we introduce ProVAsT (Probabilistic Water Quality Standard Violation Assessment Tool), a software tool encoded in the graphical model-based package Analytica(R). Here, we present a version of ProVAsT which translates model-predicted in situ fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) pollutant concentrations into the expected frequency of water quality standard violations and provides a Bayesian measure of the degree of confidence in this assessment. We call this version ProVAsT-FIB. Along with inputting their own simulation model results, users can specify the particular water quality analysis methods employed (e.g. the analytic procedure used and the number and volume of sample aliquots) as well as the numeric limits pertaining to local water quality standards. It is our hope that ProVAsT will encourage the rational consideration of uncertainty and variability in water quality assessments by reducing the burden of complex statistical calculations. Keywords: Water quality model; Probabilistic model; Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB); Uncertainty; Water quality standards
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6X2F-4Y34G72-1/2/2c174d0450ef21943135be5fde3cd26d) Abstract: The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 16-day composite data product (MOD12Q) was used to develop annual cropland and crop-specific map products (corn, soybeans, and wheat) for the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin (GLB). The crop area distributions and changes in crop rotations were characterized by comparing annual crop map products for 2005, 2006, and 2007. The total acreages for corn and soybeans were relatively balanced for calendar years 2005 (31,462 km2 and 31,283 km2, respectively) and 2006 (30,766 km2 and 30,972 km2, respectively). Conversely, corn acreage increased approximately 21% from 2006 to 2007, while soybean and wheat acreage decreased approximately 9% and 21%, respectively. Two-year crop rotational change analyses were conducted for the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 time periods. The large increase in corn acreages for 2007 introduced crop rotation changes across the GLB. Compared to 2005-2006, crop rotation patterns for 2006-2007 resulted in increased corn-corn, soybean-corn, and wheat-corn rotations. The increased corn acreages could have potential negative impacts on nutrient loadings, pesticide exposures, and sediment-mediated habitat degradation. Increased in US corn acreages in 2007 were related to new biofuel mandates, while Canadian increases were attributed to higher world-wide corn prices. Additional study is needed to determine the potential impacts of increases in corn-based ethanol agricultural production on watershed ecosystems and receiving waters. Keywords: Multi-temporal imagery analysis; Cropland categorization; MODIS-NDVI
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TVR-4VVXT1Y-1/2/09f91e37ba6948e4c15e106f08467286) Abstract: Several numerical and analytical solutions of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) were compared for plane albedo in a problem of solar light reflection by sea water. The study incorporated the simplest case--a semi-infinite one-dimensional plane--parallel absorbing and scattering homogeneous layer illuminated by a monodirectional light beam. Inelastic processes (such as Raman scattering and fluorescence), polarization and air-water surface refraction-reflection effects, were not considered. Algorithms were based on the invariant imbedding method and two different variants of the discrete ordinate method (DOM). Calculations were performed using parameters across all possible ranges (single-scattering albedo [omega]0 and refracted solar zenith angle [theta]1), but with a special emphasis on natural waters. All computations were made for two scattering phase functions, which included an almost isotropic Rayleigh phase function and strongly anisotropic double-peaked Fournier-Forand-Mobley phase function. Models were validated using quasi-single-scattering (QSSA) and exponential approximations, which represent the extreme cases of [omega]0-->0 and [omega]0-->1, respectively. All methods yielded relative differences within 1.8% for modeled natural waters. An analysis of plane albedo behavior resulted in the development of a new extended QSSA approximation, which when applied in conjunction with the extended Hapke approximation developed earlier, resulted in a maximum relative error of 2.7%. The study results demonstrated that for practical applications, the estimation of inherent optical properties from observed reflectance can best be achieved using an extended Hapke approximation. Keywords: Radiative transfer; Plane albedo; Natural waters; Numerical solutions; Analytical solutions; Strongly anisotropic phase function Yüklə 411,35 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
|