Moving along the grammaticalisation path: locative and allative marking of non-finite clauses and secondary predications in australian languages

4.12 Gooniyandi (Non Pama-Nyungan)

At least one of the Non-Pama-Nyungan languages in contact with Pama-Nyungan languages in the Kimberley, Gooniyandi, a central Kimberleys Non-Paman-Nyungan language, has LOC subordination (McGregor 1990: 405). The LOC, but not the ALL, can attach to verbs to denote an event going on at the same time as the main clause, regardless of whether this subordinate clause is subject controlled or object controlled.

(62) Waranggooddoo jijag-goowa-ya

they:sit talk-PROG-LOC

‘They're sitting talking’ (ex. 5-320 p.407)
(63) Danymiliyiddra jijag-goowa-ya.

we:hear:them talk-PROG-LOC

‘We hear them talking’ (ex. 5-317 p.406)
Gooniyandi therefore has the LS pattern, but not AN or AS.

5. History and explanations of the constructions

In this section we present a summary of the distribution of the types surveyed: AN, LS and AS, which are also shown on the map (numbers on the map represent the locations of the languages, as numbered in the table below in 5.1). We then attempt a preliminary explanation of how these patterns developed.

5.1 Summary of distribution of types

	PATTERNS	AN	LS	AS	NOTES
A. NGUMPIN-YAPA
1	Gurindji	yes	yes	yes	AN where S & O not co-located?
2	Jaru	no	yes	marginal	AS ‘only with motion’ ?
3	Warlpiri	yes alternative exists	yes	yes	some complications
B. OTHER PAMA-NYUNGAN TO THE EAST (with LOC/ERG neutralised)
4	Warumungu	yes	no	yes	AN applies whether or not S & O co-located
5	Wakaya	yes	yes	yes	S & O co-location for A not confirmed
6	Kaytetye	?marginal	yes	yes	other Arandic languages have an AN type construction but use DAT
C. YOLNGU (Pama-Nyungan, to the north)
7	Yolngu	yes	no	no
D. NON-PAMA-NYUNGAN
8	Garrwa-Waanyi	no	yes	yes
9	Wambaya	no	yes	no	different suffix for object-control,not ALL
10	Jingulu	no	yes	yes
11	Wardaman	no	no	marginal	AS only with coverbs & adverbs
12	Gooniyandi	no	yes	no