A- (3) prefix meaning "not," from Gk a-, an- "not," from pie base *ne "not" (see un-)

bloat --- c.1300, originally an adj., "soft, flabby," but by 17c. meaning "puffed up, swollen." Perhaps from O.N. blautr "soaked, soft from being cooked in liquid," from P.Gmc. *blaut-, from PIE *bhleu- "to swell, well up, overthrow," extension of root *bhel- "to blow, swell" (see bole). Influenced by or combined with O.E. blawan "blow, puff." The verb sense of "to swell" is first attested 1677. Bloated "overgrown" is from 1664.

blob --- 1725, "drop, globule," from a verb meaning "to make or mark with blobs" (1429), perhaps related to bubble.

bloc --- 1903, in reference to alliances in Continental politics, from Fr. bloc "group, block," from O.Fr. bloc "piece of wood" (see block).

block --- solid piece, c.1305, from O.Fr. bloc "log, block," via M.Du. bloc "trunk of a tree" or O.H.G. bloh, both from PIE *bhlugo-, from *bhel "a thick plank, beam." Slang sense of "head" is from 1635. The meaning in city block is 1796, from the notion of a "compact mass" of buildings; slang meaning "fashionable promenade" is 1869. Extended sense of "obstruction" is first recorded 1649. The verb "to obstruct" is from 1570. Blockhead "stupid person" (1549) was originally a head-shaped oaken block used by hat-makers. Blockade first used 1680, with false Fr. ending (the Fr. word is blocus). Blockhouse is c.1500, of unknown origin.

blog --- 1998, short for weblog (which is attested from 1994, though not in the sense 'online journal'), from (World Wide) Web + log. Joe Bloggs (c.1969) was British slang for "any hypothetical person" (cf. U.S. equivalent Joe Blow); earlier it meant "a servant boy" in one of the college houses (c.1860, see Partridge, who describes this use as a "perversion of bloke"), and, as a verb, "to defeat" in schoolboy slang.

bloke --- fellow, 1851, London slang, of unknown origin, perhaps from Celt. ploc "large, stubborn person;" another suggestion is Gypsy and Hind. loke "a man."

blond (adj.) --- 1481, from O.Fr. blont, from M.L. adj. blundus "yellow," perhaps from Frank. *blund. If it is a Gmc. word, possibly related to O.E. blonden-feax "gray-haired," from blondan, blandan "to mix" (see blend). According to Littré, the original sense of the Fr. word was "a colour midway between golden and light chestnut," which might account for the notion of "mixed." O.E. beblonden meant "dyed," so it is also possible that the root meaning of blonde, if it is Gmc., may be "dyed," as the ancient Teutonic warriors were noted for dying their hair. Du Cange, however, writes that blundus was a vulgar pronunciation of L. flavus "yellow." The word was reintroduced into Eng. 17c. from Fr., and was until recently still felt as Fr., hence blonde for females. As a noun, used c.1755 of a type of lace, 1822 of people.

blood --- O.E. blod, from P.Gmc. *blodam (cf. O.Fris. blod, O.N. bloð, M.Du. bloet, O.H.G. bluot, Ger. Blut, Goth. bloþ), from PIE *bhlo-to-, perhaps meaning "to swell, gush, spurt," or "that which bursts out" (cf. Goth. bloþ "blood," bloma "flower"), from suffixed form of *bhle-, extended form of *bhel- "to thrive, bloom" (see bole). There seems to have been an avoidance in Gmc., perhaps from taboo, of other PIE words for "blood," such as *esen- (cf. poetic Gk. ear, O.Latin aser, Skt. asrk, Hittite eshar); also *krew-, which seems to have had a sense of "blood outside the body, gore from a wound" (cf. L. cruour "blood from a wound," Gk. kreas "meat"), which came to mean simply "blood" in Balto-Slavic and some other languages. Inheritance and relationship senses emerged by c.1250. As the seat of passions, it is recorded from c.1300. Slang meaning "hot spark, a man of fire" [Johnson] is from 1562. Bloodthirsty is from 1535; bloodshed is from 1500; bloodshot is from 1607. Bloodsucker is from 1387; in the figurative sense it is attested from 1668. Blood-money is from 1535; bloodlust is from 1848.

bloody --- O.E. blodig, adj. from blod (see blood). It has been a British intens. swear word since at least 1676. Weekley relates it to the purely intensive use of the cognate Du. bloed, Ger. blut). But perhaps connected with bloods in the slang sense of "rowdy young aristocrats" (see blood) via expressions such as bloody drunk "as drunk as a blood." Partridge reports that it was "respectable" before c.1750, and it was used by Fielding and Swift, but heavily tabooed c.1750-c.1920, perhaps from imagined association with menstruation; Johnson calls it "very vulgar," and OED first edition writes of it, "now constantly in the mouths of the lowest classes, but by respectable people considered 'a horrid word', on par with obscene or profane language." Shaw shocked theatergoers when he put it in the mouth of Eliza Doolittle in "Pygmalion" (1914), and for a time the word was known euphemistically as "the Shavian adjective." It was avoided in print as late as 1936. Bloody Mary, the drink, is from 1956, named for Mary Tudor, queen of England 1553-58, who earned her epithet for vigorous prosecution of Protestants. The drink earned its, apparently, simply for being red from tomato juice. Bloody Sunday, Jan. 30, 1972, when 13 civilians were killed by British troops at protest in Londonderry, Northern Ireland.

bloom --- c.1200, a northern word, from O.N. blomi "flower, blossom," also collectively "flowers and foliage on trees," from P.Gmc. *blomon (cf. O.S. blomo, Du. bloem, Ger. Blume), from PIE *bhle- (cf. O.Ir. blath "blossom, flower," L. flos "flower," florere "to blossom, flourish"), extended form of *bhel- "to thrive, bloom, sprout" (see bole). O.E. had cognate bloma, but only in the fig. sense of "state of greatest beauty;" the main word in O.E. for "flower" was blostm (see blossom). Related to O.E. blowan "to flower" (see blow (v.2)). British blooming, slang for "full-blown" (1882), is often euphemistic for bloody.

bloomers --- 1851, named for U.S. feminist reformer Amelia Jenks Bloomer (1818-1894), who promoted them.

Bloomsbury --- 1910, in ref. to the set of Bohemian writers, artists, and intellectuals (including E.M. Forster, Virginia Woolf, and John Maynard Keynes) centered on Lytton Strachey, from the London neighborhood where several lived and worked. "Women in love with buggers and buggers in love with womanizers, I don't know what the world is coming to." [Lytton Strachey]

blooper --- blunder, 1947, either from Amer.Eng. baseball slang, "a fly ball missed by the fielder" (1937) or "radio receiver that interferes with nearby sets" (1926).

blossom --- O.E. blostma, from P.Gmc. *blo-s-, from PIE *bhle-, extended form of *bhel- "to thrive, bloom." This is the native word, now largely superseded by bloom and flower. The verb is O.E. blostmian.

blot --- 1373, originally "blemish," perhaps from O.N. blettr "blot, stain," or from O.Fr. bloche "clod of earth." The verb is first attested 1440. Blotter "police arrest record," first recorded 1887, Amer.Eng., from earlier meaning "day book" (1678). Blotto "drunk" attested from c.1905.

blotch --- 1604, perhaps a blend of blot and botch or patch.

blouse --- 1828, from Fr., "workman's or peasant's smock" (1788), origin unknown. Perhaps akin to Prov. (lano) blouso "short (wool)." Another suggestion is that it is from M.L. pelusia, from Pelusium, a city in Upper Egypt, supposedly a clothing manufacturing center in the Middle Ages.

blow (n.) --- hard hit, c.1460, blowe, from northern and East Midlands dialects, perhaps from M.Du. blouwen "to beat," of unknown origin; influenced by blow (v.1).

blow (v.1) --- move air, O.E. blawan "make an air current, sound a wind instrument" (class VII strong verb; past tense bleow, pp. blawen), from P.Gmc. *blæ-anan (cf. O.H.G. blaen), from PIE *bhle- "to swell, blow up" (cf. L. flare "to blow"). Slang "do fellatio on" sense is from 1933, as blow (someone) off, originally among prostitutes (blow job first recorded 1961 in the sexual sense; as recently as 1953 it meant "a type of airplane"). This usage is probably not connected to the colloquial imprecation (1781, associated with sailors, e.g. Popeye's "well, blow me down!"), which has pp. blowed. Meaning "to spend (money) foolishly and all at once" is 1890s; that of "bungle an opportunity" is from 1943. Blowhard (n.) "braggart" is from 1820s; blowout "big, loud party" is 1824. To blow up "explode" is from 1599.

blow (v.2) --- blossom (intrans.), source of the blown in full-blown; from O.E. blowan "to flower, blossom, flourish," from P.Gmc. *blæ-, from PIE *bhle-, extended form of *bhel- "to thrive, bloom" (see bole).

blowzy --- c.1770, from obsolete blouze (1573), "wench, beggar's trull," perhaps originally a cant term.

blubber --- c.1380, blober "a bubble," probably echoic of bubbling water. Original notion of "bubbling, foaming" survives in the figurative meaning "to cry" (c.1400). Meaning "whale fat" first attested 1664; earlier it was used in ref. to jellyfish (1602).

bludgeon (v.) --- 1868, from an earlier noun (1730), perhaps from M.Fr. bougeon, dim. of bouge "a club."

blue --- c.1300, bleu, blwe, etc., from O.Fr. bleu, from Frank. blao, from P.Gmc. *blæwaz, from PIE base *bhle-was "light-colored, blue, blond, yellow." "The exact color to which the Gmc. term applies varies in the older dialects; M.H.G. bla is also "yellow," whereas the Scandinavian words may refer esp. to a deep, swarthy black, e.g. O.N. blamaðr, N.Icel. blamaður 'Negro' " [Buck]. Replaced O.E. blaw, from the same PIE root, which also yielded L. flavus "yellow," O.Sp. blavo "yellowish-gray," Gk. phalos "white," Welsh blawr "gray," O.N. bla "livid" (the meaning in black and blue), showing the usual slippery definition of color words in I.E. The present spelling is since 16c., from Fr. influence. The color of constancy since Chaucer at least, but apparently for no deeper reason than the rhyme in true blue (1500). Blue (adj.) "lewd" is recorded from 1840; the sense connection is unclear, and is opposite to that in blue laws (q.v.). Blueprint is from 1886; the fig. sense of "detailed plan" is first attested 1926. For blue ribbon, see cordon bleu under cordon. Many IE languages seem to have had a word to describe the color of the sea, encompasing blue and green and gray; e.g. Ir. glass (see Chloe), O.E. hæwen "blue, gray," related to har (see hoar), Serbo-Cr. sinji "gray-blue, sea-green," Lith. šyvas, Rus. sivyj "gray."

blue blood --- 1834, translating Sp. sangre azul, claimed by certain families of Castile as uncontaminated by Moorish or Jewish admixture, probably from the notion of the visible veins of people of fair complexion.

blue chip --- high value poker counter, from 1904 in the figurative sense of "valuable;" stock exchange sense, in reference to "shares considered a reliable investment" is first recorded 1929.

blue laws --- 1781, severe Puritanical code said to have been enacted 18c. in New Haven, Connecticut; of uncertain origin, perhaps from one of the ground senses behind blues, or from notion of coldness. Or perhaps connected to bluestocking in the sense of "puritanically plain or mean" (see bluestocking, which is a different application of the same term; the parliament of 1653 was derisively called the bluestocking parliament). The common explanation that they were written on blue paper is not considered valid; blue paper was used for many old U.S. legal documents and there would have been nothing notable about its use in this case.

blue moon --- 1821 as a specific term in the sense "very rarely," perhaps suggesting something that, in fact, never happens (cf. at the Greek calends); suggested earliest in this couplet from 1528: Yf they say the mone is blewe, We must beleve that it is true. Though this might refer to calendrical calculations by the Church, so that the general sense of the term and the specific one (commonly misinterpreted as "second full moon in a calendar month," but actually a quarterly calculation) are difficult to disentangle. In either case, the sense of blue is obscure. Literal blue moons do occasionally occur under extreme atmospheric conditions.

bluebird --- 1688, N.Amer. warbler-like bird, from blue in reference to its plumage + bird. Fig. use in bluebird of happiness is from 1909 play romance "l'Oiseau bleu," lit. "The Blue Bird," by Belgian dramatist and poet Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949).

bluegrass --- music style, 1958, in allusion to the Blue Grass Boys, country music band 1940s-'50s, from the "blue" grass (Poa pratensis) characteristic of Kentucky, the grass so called from 1751. Kentucky has been called the Bluegrass State since at least 1872.

blues --- as a music form featuring flatted thirds and sevenths, possibly c.1895 (though officially 1912, in W.C. Handy's "Memphis Blues"); meaning "depression, low spirits" goes back to 1741, from adj. blue "low-spirited," c.1385.

bluestocking --- 1790, derisive word for a woman considered too learned, traces to a London literary salon founded c.1750 by Elizabeth Montagu on the Parisian model, featuring intellectual discussion instead of card games, and in place of ostentatious evening attire, simple dress, including Benjamin Stillingfleet's blue-gray tradesman's hose in place of gentleman's black silk, hence the term, first applied in derision to the whole set by Admiral Boscawen. None of the ladies wore blue stockings. Borrowed by the neighbors in loan-translations, cf. Fr. bas-bleu, Du. blauwkous, Ger. Blaustrumpf.

bluff (n) --- 1687, from Du. blaf "flat, broad," apparently a North Sea nautical term for ships with flat vertical bows, later extended to landscape features.

bluff (v.) --- 1839, Amer.Eng., poker term, perhaps from Du. bluffen "to brag, boast," or verbluffen "to baffle, mislead." An identical word meant "blindfold, hoodwink" in 1674, but the sense evolution and connection are unclear. OED calls it, "one of the numerous cant terms ... which arose between the Restoration and the reign of Queen Anne."

blunder --- c.1340, from O.N. blundra "shut one's eyes" (the oldest Eng. sense was "to stumble around blindly"), from PIE base *bhlendh- (see blind). Meaning "make a stupid mistake" is first recorded 1711.

blunderbuss --- 1654, from Du. donderbus, from donder "thunder" + bus "gun" (originally "box, tube"), altered by resemblance to blunder.

blunt --- c.1200, "dull, obtuse," perhaps from O.N. blundra (see blunder). Meaning "abrupt of speech or manner" is from 1590. Blunt, street slang for "marijuana and tobacco cigar" (easier to pass around, easier to disguise, and the stimulant in the tobacco enhances the high from the pot) surfaced c.1993, but is said to have originated among Jamaicans in New York City in the early 1980s; from Phillies Blunt brand cigars. "Users say that the Phillies Blunt brand produces less harsh-tasting or sweeter smoke. The leaf wrapper of a Phillies Blunt is strong enough to hold together through the manipulations of making a blunt. Other brands fall apart." [http://nepenthes.lycaeum.org/Drugs/THC/Smoke/blunts.html]

blur --- 1548, akin to blear. The verb is 1581, from the noun.

blurb --- 1907, coined by U.S. humorist Gelett Burgess (1866-1951) to mock excessive praise printed on book jackets. But also sometimes attributed to U.S. scholar Brander Matthews (1852-1929).

blurt --- 1573, probably echoic.

blush --- M.E. bluschen, from O.E. blyscan "become red, glow," akin to blyse "torch," from P.Gmc. *blusi, which also yielded words in Low Ger., O.N.), from PIE *bhles- "shine" (see blaze). For vowel evolution, see bury.

bluster --- c.1494, from M.L.G. blüstren "to blow violently" (see blow (v.1)).

BMX --- 1978, from bicycle moto-cross.

B'nai B'rith --- Jewish fraternal organization founded in New York City in 1843, from Heb., lit. "Sons of the Covenant," from bene, state construct of banim, pl. of ben "son" + brith "covenant."

bo tree --- 1681, from Sinhalese bo, from Pali bodhi short for bodhi-taru "bo tree," lit. "tree of wisdom or enlightenment" (related to Skt. buddhah "awakened") + taru "tree."

boa --- 1398, from L. boa, type of serpent mentioned in Pliny's "Natural History," origin unknown. Extension to "snake-like coil of fur worn by ladies" is from 1836.

Boanerges --- 1382, name given by Christ to John and James, the two sons of Zebedee (Mark iii.17), sometimes applied figuratively to zealous or loud preachers, from Galilean dialectal corruption of Heb. bene reghesh "sons of rage" (interpreted in Gk. as "sons of thunder"), from bene (see B'nai B'rith) + reghesh "commotion, tumult, throng."

boar --- O.E. bar, from W.Gmc. *bairaz, of unknown origin with no cognates outside W.Gmc. Applied to persons of boar-like character in M.E.

board (1) --- O.E. bord "a plank, flat surface," from P.Gmc. *bortham (cf. Goth. fotu-baurd "foot-stool," Ger. Brett "plank"), from PIE *bhrdho- "board," from base *bher- "to cut." See also board (2), with which this is so confused as practically to form one word. A board is thinner than a plank, and generally less than 2.5 inches thick. The transf. meaning "food" (1386) is an extension of the O.E. sense of "table;" hence, also, above board "honest, open" (1620). Another extension is to "council (that meets at a table)," 1613. Boarder is attested from 1530. Boarding-school is from 1677. Boardwalk is from 1872, originally Amer.Eng.

board (2) --- side of ship, O.E. bord "border, rim, ship's side," from P.Gmc. *bordaz, perhaps from PIE *bhrtos "raised, made projecting." Connected to border (q.v.). See also starboard. Etymologically not related to board (1), but the two forms represented in Eng. by these words were more or less confused at an early date in most Gmc. languages, a situation made worse in Eng. because this Gmc. root was also adopted as M.L. bordus, I. and Sp. bordo, and Fr. bord, in which form it came over with the Normans. By now the senses are inextricably tangled.

boast --- 1265, from Anglo-Norm. bost, probably via Scand., from P.Gmc. *bausia "to blow up, puff up, swell" (cf. M.Du. bose, Du. boos "evil, wicked, angry," Ger. böse "evil, bad, angry"), from PIE *bhou-, var. of base *bheu- "to grow, swell."

boat --- O.E. bat, from P.Gmc. *bait- (cf. O.N. beit), possibly from PIE base *bheid- "to split" (see fissure), with the sense of making a boat by hollowing out a tree trunk; or it may be an extension of the name for a part of a ship.

boatswain --- c.1450, from late O.E. batswegen, from bat "boat" + O.N. sveinn "boy" (see swain). Phonetic spelling bo'sun is attested from 1868.

bob (1) --- short, jerking motion, 1386, probably connected to M.E. bobben "to strike, beat" (c.1280), perhaps of echoic origin. Another early sense was "to make a fool of, cheat" (c.1320). As a slang word for "shilling" it is attested from 1789, but the signification is unknown.

bob (2) --- short hair, 1688, attested 1577 in sense of "a horse's tail cut short," from earlier bobbe "cluster" (as of leaves), c.1340, a northern word, perhaps of Celtic origin (cf. Ir. baban "tassel, cluster," Gael. babag). Used over the years in various senses connected by the notion of "round, hanging mass," e.g. the meaning "weight at the end of a line" (1659). The hair sense was revived with a shift in women's styles early 20c. (verb 1918, noun 1926). Related words include bobby pin (1936); and bobby socks (1943), which are "shortened" (compared to knee-socks); derivative bobby-soxer first attested 1944. Also bobsled (1839), a short type.

bobbin --- 1530, from Fr. bobine, small instrument used in sewing or tapestry-making, probably connected with bobbinet "cotton net," or perhaps from L. balbus (see babble) for the stuttering, stammering noise it made.

bobble --- 1812, frequentative of bob (1). The notion is, "to move or handle something with continual bobbing."

bobby --- London policeman, 1844, from Mr. (later Sir) Robert Peel (1788-1850), Home Secretary who introduced the Metropolitan Police Act (10 Geo IV, c.44) of 1829. Cf. peeler.

bobcat --- N.Amer. lynx, 1888, so called for its short tail (see bob (2)).

bobolink --- 1796, Amer.Eng., from bob-o-Lincoln (1774), imitative of the call of the bird.

Boccaccio --- the name means "big-mouth" in It., from boccaccia, augmentative of bocca "mouth."

Boche --- 1914, from Fr. slang, "rascal," of unknown origin, applied by soldiers to Germans in World War I. Another theory traces it to Fr. Allemand "German," in eastern Fr. Al(le)moche, altered contemptuously to Alboche by assoc. with caboche, a slang word for "head," lit. "cabbage" (cf. tete de boche, Fr. for "German" in an 1887 slang dictionary).

bock --- type of beer, 1856, from Ger. ambock, Bavarian dialect pronunciation of Einbecker bier, from Einbeck, Hanover, where it was first brewed.

bodacious --- 1837 (implied in bodaciously), Southern U.S. slang, perhaps from bodyaciously "bodily, totally," or a blend of bold and audacious, which suits the earliest attested sense of the word. Popularized anew by 1982 Hollywood film "An Officer and a Gentleman."

bode --- O.E. bodian "announce, foretell," from boda "message," probably related to bid, from P.Gmc. *buthan (cf. O.S. gibod, Ger. gebot, O.N. boð). As a shortened form of forebode (usually evil), it dates from 1740.

bodega --- 1848, from Mex.Sp., from Sp., "a wine shop," from L., from Gk. apotheke "depot, store" (see apothecary). The same word as boutique.

Bodhisattva --- 1828, from Skt., lit. "one whose essence is perfect knowledge," from bodhi "perfect knowledge" (see Buddha) + sattva "reality, being."

bodice --- 1566, pl. of body on notion of a pair of bodies, a tight-fitting garment covering the torso; plural because the Elizabethan body came in two parts which fastened in the middle.

bodkin --- 1386, boydekin, of unknown origin. The ending suggests a dim. form, and Celtic has been suggested at the source of the root.

Bodleian --- 1563, from Sir Thomas Bodley, who in 1597 refounded the library at Oxford University.

Bodoni --- 1880, typeface based on that used by celebrated It. printer Giambattista Bodoni (1740-1813). The modern type is a composite of his forms.

body --- O.E. bodig "trunk, chest" (of a man or animal), originally "cask;" related to O.H.G. botah, of unknown origin. Not elsewhere in Gmc., and the word has died out in Ger., replaced by leib, originally "life," and körper, from L. In Eng., extension to "person" is from 1297. Contrasted with soul since at least 1240. Meaning "corpse" (short for dead body) is from c.1280. Transferred to matter generally in M.E. (e.g. heavenly body, c.1380). Bodyguard is from 1735. Body politic "the nation, the state" first recorded 1532.

Boeotian --- 1598, "ignorant, dull," from Boeotia, district around Thebes in ancient Greece, whose inhabitants were so characterized by their neighbors, the Athenians.

Boer --- Du. colonist in S.Africa, 1824, from Du. boer "farmer," from M.Du., cognate with O.E. gebur "dweller, farmer, peasant," and thus related to bower and the final syllable of neighbor (see boor).

bog --- c.1505, from Gaelic & Irish bogach "bog," from adj. bog "soft, moist," from PIE *bhugh-, from base *bheugh- "to bend." Bog-trotter applied to the wild Irish c.1682.

bogart --- 1969, "to keep a joint in your mouth," dangling from the lip like Humphrey Bogart's cigarette in the old movies, instead of passing it on. First attested in "Easy Rider." The word was also used 1960s with notions of "get something by intimidation, be a tough guy."

bogey (1) --- World War II aviator slang for "unidentified aircraft, presumably hostile," probably ultimately from bogge, a variant of M.E. bugge "a frightening specter" (see bug). This was the presumed source of many dialect words, such as bog/bogge (attested 16c.-17c.), bogeyman (16c.), boggart "specter that haunts a gloomy spot" (c.1570, in Westmoreland, Lancashire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire). The earliest modern form appears to be Scottish bogle "ghost," attested from c.1505 and popularized c.1800 in Eng. literature by Scott, Burns, etc.

bogey (2) --- in golfing, c.1892, originally "number of strokes a good player is supposed to need for a given hole or course," later, "score one over par" (1946), from the same source as bogey (1), on the notion of a "phantom" opponent, represented by the "ground score." The word was in vogue at the time in Britain because of the popularity of the music hall tune "Hush, Hush, Hush, Here Comes the Bogey Man." "One popular song at least has left its permanent effect on the game of golf. That song is 'The Bogey Man.' In 1890 Dr. Thos. Browne, R.N., the hon. secretary of the Great Yarmouth Club, was playing against a Major Wellman, the match being against the 'ground score,' which was the name given to the scratch value of each hole. The system of playing against the 'ground score' was new to Major Wellman, and he exclaimed, thinking of the song of the moment, that his mysterious and well-nigh invincible opponent was a regular 'bogey-man.' The name 'caught on' at Great Yarmouth, and to-day 'Bogey' is one of the most feared opponents on all the courses that acknowledge him." [1908, M.A.P.]