Around the sun leaving a bright trail behind. For more than

constant	Sabit, değişmez, konstant.	keen on
-e çok hevesli, -e meraklı, -e düşkün.
Coop up	kapatmak, hapsetmek, tikmak, kafeslemek	kind of	Nını çeşidi
cottage	küçük ev, kulübe	perceive	anlamak, idrak etmek, farkına varmak
cut off	-i kesmek.	regard as	say(mak)
depress	üzmek, canını sıkmak, moralini bozmak	squalid	kirli, pis,
dirt	kir, pislik	stillness	hareketsizlik. 2. dinginlik. 3. sessizlik
dweller	oturan, sakin.	superficial	Yüzeysel
existence	varlık, mevcudiyet	tend to	E istekli olmak
fresh air	taze hava	the rest of	Nın kalan miktar
frightening	korkutucu, dehşet verici.	unusual	görülmedik, nadir, ender
go back	dönmek.	unwilling	isteksiz; gönülsüz,
		urban	kentsel, kente ait

57 EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION

Can earthquakes be predicted? Scientists are working on programs to predict where and when an earthquake will occur. They hope to develop an early warning system to save lives. Scientists who do this work are called seismologists.

Earthquakes are the most dangerous and deadly of all natural events. They occur in many parts of the world. Giant earthquakes have been recorded in Iran, China, Guatemala, Chile, India, and Alaska. Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska. These earthquakes measured about 8.5 on the Richter Scale. The Richter Scale was devised by Charles Richter in 1935 and is used for comparing the energy level of earthquakes. An earthquake that measures 2 on the scale can be felt, but causes little damage. %£n that measures 4.5 on the scale can cause slight damage, and an earthquake that has a reading of over 7 can cause major damage.

How do earthquakes occur? Earthquakes are caused by the movement of rocks along cracks, or faults, in the earth's surface. The fault is produced when rocks near each other are pulled in different directions. The best-known fault in North America is the San Andreas fault in the state of California in the United States.

The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, China, Russia, and the United States. These countries have set up stations in areas of their countries where earthquakes are known to occur. These stations are ready for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers before an earthquake. Many kinds of seismic instruments are used by these places to watch the movements of the earth's surface. One of the instruments is a seismograph. It can follow vibrations in rock layers thousands of kilometers away. Tiltmeters are used to record surface movement along fault lines. Seismologists use gravimeters to measure and record changes in local gravity. The scientists also check water in deep wells. They watch for changes in the water level and temperature, which are signs of movement along faults.

check	durdurmak, birden durdurmak	gravity	yerçekimi; cazibe
compare	karşılaştırmak	measure	Ölçü ölçmek
deadly	Öldürücü, şiddetli	predict	kehanet, önceden haber verme.
devise	tasarlamak, planlamak, düzenlemek	prediction	tahmin
devise	tasarlamak, plan yapmak	seismologist	sismolog, deprembilim uzmanı
direction	Yön, doğrultu	took place	meydana gel
fault	kusur, kabahat, hata,	weakening	zayıflatarak
gravimeter	gravimetre

58 MARKETING

Marketing, which is sometimes called distribution, includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Marketing consists of both physical activities such as transporting, storing and selling goods, and a series of decisions related to any part of the process of moving goods from the producer to the consumer. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, and marketing research.

The ability to recognise future trends is as important as knowing the present conditions in marketing. Producers must know why consumers buy, where and for what purpose. Through market research, the producer tries to predict what the customer will want and, through advertising, attempts to influence what the customer will buy.

In most countries, manufacturers obviously spend a lot of money on advertising their goods. We cannot walk down the street, watch television or read a newspaper without being 'attacked' by advertisements. Doubtless, many people think that too much money is spent on advertising. "Wouldn’t it be better,” they say, “to spend all this advertising money on improving the product or service, or on projects to help poor people?” Advertising, however, is essential for a manufacturer’s survival. It is vital to keep the name of the product in front of the public. Otherwise, sales will fall. Another manufacturer of the same kind of product may continue advertising and his name will be the one that people remember when they go shopping. And his sales will increase.

Some people will then almost certainly say, “But why should two or more companies produce the same things? Surely, it is more economical for each company to produce a different product. Then, there would be little or no need for any advertising.” But there is a sensible economic answer to this argument as well. Competition between companies is vital because it helps to improve the quality of the product and to keep prices down. The result is a better and cheaper product for the public₁ Since competition is essential, advertising is vital.

attempt	kalkismak, girismek, yeltenmek, çalismak
competition	rekabet, yarışma
Doubtless	kuşkusuz, şüphesiz, kesinlikle
essential	temelli, köklü, asli, esaslı
influence	etki, tesir, nüfuz. f. 1. etkilemek, tesir etmek
Otherwise