Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

guidelines for the selection of variables for use in a multivariate analysis of

soil erosion. The applicability of these results to other areas in Ciskei will

be tested in other catchments. The final aim of this study is to develop an

erosion hazard assessment technique applicable at the regional scale to as wide

a range of conditions in Ciskei as possible.

Ref ID : 508

2136. Weaver, A. Changes in land use and soil erosion in South African and

Ciskeian portions of the Yellowoods drainage basin between 1975 and 1984. Earth

Science Review 25:501-507, 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND USE; CISKEI; COMMUNAL AREA; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Ref ID : 267

2137. Weaver, A. Bibliography on soil erosion and sediment production research

in southern Africa. SAAG Occasional Publication.Anonymous Anonymous Durban:SAAG.

:1-29, 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; BIBLIOGRAPHY; EROSION; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Notes : Research work on soil erosion and sediment production is undertaken by a

wide variety of people representing disciplines ranging from geography to

hydraulic engineering. The aim of this bibliography is to bring as many of

these publications together in a single document as possible. It is hoped that

the bibliography will prove useful to students, researchers, and practitioners

in the field of soil erosion and sediment production in southern Africa.

Ref ID : 507

2138. Weaver, A. Rainfall erosivity in the Ciskei: its estimation and

relationship with observed soil erosion. The SA Geographer 17(1/2):13-23, 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; CISKEI; COMMUNAL AREA; RAINFALL EROSIVITY

Ref ID : 378

2139. Weaver, A.v.B. Sediments in the Buffalo River Catchment. In: Water quality

in the Buffalo River Catchment: A synthesis, edited by Hart,

R.C.Grahamstown:Rhodes University, 1982,

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; EASTERN CAPE

Ref ID : 379

2140. Weaver, A.v.B. Continuous measurement of suspended sediment in the Ecca

catchment. Proc. First South National Hydrological Symposium.Anonymous Anonymous

Pretoria:369-375, 1983.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; EASTERN CAPE

Ref ID : 2576

2141. Weaver, A.v.B. Soil erosion rates in the Roxeni basin, Ciskei. South

African Geographical Society , 1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION; CISKEI

Notes : The purpose of the study was to determine soil loss rates from a small

catchment area in rural Ciskei based on calculated reservoir capacity loss. The

rate of soil loss was determined by computing the capacity loss of the Roxeni

dam. The difference between the capacity of the reservoir at the time of

construction and at present was determined from survey data. Taking the bulk

density of reservoir deposits and the trap efficiency of the reservoir into

account, the mass of soil leaving the catchment was estimated. The erosion rate

in the Roxeni basin for the time period October 1983 to October 1986 was

estimated at 113.71 ha-1. The relevance of this soil loss rate is discussed

with respect to geologically normal, acceptable and measured rates of erosion

from elsewhere and is estimated to be on an increased scale. This article is

obtainable from the main library at the University of Fort Hare. See also ID

ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 381

2142. Weaver, A.v.B. Factors affecting the spatial variation in soil erosion in

Ciskei: an initial assessment at the macroscale. In: Geomorphological studies in

southern Africa, edited by Dardis, G.F. and Moon, B.P.Rotterdam:Balkema, 1988,p.

215-228.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; COMMUNAL AREA; EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; EROSION; MAPS

Notes : The author concludes this article by emphasising that the study

described in this paper represents an initial investigation into the factors

influencing spatial variations in soil erosion in Ciskei. A further point which

needs emphasis is that, although the choice of indices was based largely on a

view of the literature, the final choice of indices was governed to a large

extent by the availability of data. The study has shown that, on the regional

scale, the individual variables which are significantly related to the spatial

distribution in soil erosion in the areas in Ciskei selected for study are

landuse, MAP, soil type, geology and veld type. The relationship between these

individual variables and soil erosion is relatively weak. This is to be

expected when one considers the complex and multi-dimensional nature of the soil

erosion problem. Stocking (1972) points out that although individual variables

might be weakly related to soil erosion, grouped variables often reveal stronger

relationships. The results of the study described in this paper will be used as

guidelines for the selection of variables for use in a multivariate analysis of

soil erosion. The applicability of these results to other areas in Ciskei will

be tested in other catchments. The final aim of the study is to develop an

erosion hazard assessment technique applicable at the regional scale to as wide

a range of conditions in Ciskei as possible.

Ref ID : 383

2143. Weaver, A.v.B. Soil erosion rates in the Roxeni Basin, Ciskei. South

African Geographical Journal 71(1):32-37, 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; COMMUNAL AREA; EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; EROSION

Abstract : The rate of soil loss in the Roxeni catchment was determined by

computing the capacity loss of the Roxeni dam which is situated at the outlet of

the basin. The difference between the capacity of the reservoir at the time of

construction and at present was determined from survey data. Taking the bulk

density of reservoir deposits and the trap efficiency of the reservoir into

account, it was possible to estimate the mass of soil leaving the catchment.

The erosion rate at the Roxeni basin for the time period October 1983 to October

1986 was estimated at 113,7 t.ha-1.yr-1. The relevance of this soil loss rate

is discussed with respect to geologically normal, acceptable and measured rates

of erosion from elsewhere.

Ref ID : 1469

2144. Weaver, A.v.B. Rainfall erosivity in the Ciskei: its estimation and

relationship with observed soil erosion. South African Geographer 17(1/2):13-23,

1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : RAINFALL; RAINFALL EROSIVITY; CISKEI; SOIL EROSION; EROSION; MAPS;

METHODOLOGIES

Abstract : This paper describes the methods used to estimate rainfall erosivity

values for Ciskei and presents a map showing the spatial variability of mean

annual erosivity in the area. The technique used involves the establishment of

the relationship between erosivity values and daily rainfall data at stations

with autographic rainfall records. The derived relationship is then applied to

the much greater number of daily rainfall stations in order to obtain estimates

of erosivity over a larger area and to produce a rainfall erosivity map for

Ciskei. The paper goes on to consider possible reasons for the negative

correlation which exists between rainfall erosivity and observed soil erosion in

Ciskei.

Ref ID : 384

2145. Weaver, A.v.B. The distribution of soil erosion as a function of slope

aspect and parent material. Geojournal 22(3), 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION

Ref ID : 881

2146. Weaver, A.v.B. The distribution of soil erosion as a function of slope,

aspect and parent material in Ciskei, southern Africa. Geojournal 23:29-34,

1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; SOIL EROSION

Ref ID : 380

2147. Weaver, A.v.B. Changes in landuse and soil erosion in South African and

Ciskeian portions of the Yellowwoods drainage basin between 1975 and 1984. In:

Landscapes of the Southern Hemisphere, edited by Firman, J.B. 1998,

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; LAND USE; COMMUNAL AREA; EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI

Ref ID : 882

2148. Weaver, A.v.B., Boucher, K.G., Boynton, R.J., Dollar, E.S.J., Eriksen,

C.N., Mokeona, L.P., and Wadeson, R. A preliminary assessment of the effects of

pineapple cultivation on soil erodibility. Dohne Agric 13(1):18-21, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CULTIVATION; SOIL EROSION; EASTERN CAPE

Ref ID : 385

2149. Weaver, A.v.B. and Hughes, D.A. Continuous measurement of rainfall,

streamflow and suspended sediment concentration in semi-arid environments.

Proc. Symp on Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources,

I.A.H.S.Anonymous Anonymous 144:363-371, 1983.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; RAINFALL; RUNOFF; HYDROLOGY

Ref ID : 223

2150. Webley, L. Early evidence for sheep from Spoeg River cave, Namaqualand.

Southern African Field Archaeology 1:3-13, 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ARCHAEOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; SUCCULENT KAROO; MICROMAMMALS;

PALAEOENVIRONMENTS

Abstract : Faunal remains from Spoeg River Cave on the Namaqualand coast include

sheep from basal units dating to 1920 BP. The site was occupied until 1390 BP

after which it was abandoned. Micromammalian data suggest that the site was

first occupied during a cooler, wetter period but that increasing summer aridity

and a decline in grasses may have precipitated a movement elsewhere. Sheep

remains and pottery are present throughout the well stratified shell midden

deposit. This early date for sheep from Namaqualand provides support for the

growing consensus favouring the introduction of domestic stock along the South

African west coast and would appear to refute suggestions that the region was

too arid and rugged for pastoralist settlement.

Ref ID : 556

2151. Webster, R.M. Multiple land use options for arid and semi-arid rangelands.

In: Third Developing Areas Symposium, 29-31 March 1995, Harare,

Zimbabwe,Anonymous 1998,

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND USE; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA; LAND REFORM;

PRODUCTION POTENTIAL

Ref ID : 2469

2152. Weiner, D., Chimere-Dan, O., and Levin, R. Initial Results of the

Community Perspectives on Land and Agrarian Reform Project (CPLARP) Bantustan

Socio-economic Survey. Workshop report.Anonymous , 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; LABOUR; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the paper was to contribute to the process of information

gathering and dissemination by presenting some initial results of the CPLAR

Bantustan Socio-economic Survey. Eighty-two households in the Transkei were

surveyed using structured interviews and questionnaires. Within the broad

structures of a "migrant labour" economy, there are numerous forms of rural

social organizations that can be found broadly in the Bantustans. Results in the

report indicate that in the former Transkei there is a dominance of off-farm

income for rural households. 20.7% of households in the Transkei had migrant

labourers. 42% of respondents had access to agricultural land. This report is

available at the Border Rural Committee, East London. See also ID ref. no:

2339.

Ref ID : 1241

2153. Wells, M., Brandon, K., and Hannah, L. Linking protected area management

with local communities. In: People and parks,Anonymous Washington,D.C.World

bank, 1991,p. 60-65.

Reprint : In File,

Ref ID : 1885

2154. Wells, M.J. Alien invasive plants: a serious threat. Veld Trust Conference

on the conservation status of agricultural resources in the RSA. Du Preez,

J.F.Anonymous Pretoria:Unisa. , 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SAVANNA; CONSERVATION

Notes : Indigenous plants, animals and other organisms have evolved together,

achieving a balance of sorts in the ecosystem. But the ecosystem is dynamic,

not static. There are always organisms taking advantage of change, invading

niches that were not open to them previously. In savanna, cyclical changes, in

the ratio of trees and shrubs to grasses, may be a natural phenomenon. But

rapid and massive changes usually mean that someone or something has helped to

tip the scale. This paper examines these questions.

Ref ID : 2102

2155. Wells, M.J., Balsinas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G.,

and Stirton, C.H. Catalogue of problem plants of southern Africa. Memoirs of the

Botanical Survey of South Africa, no. 53.Anonymous Pretoria:National Botanical

Institute. 53, 1986.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; BOTANICAL SURVEY

Ref ID : 2103

2156. Wells, M.J., Balsinas, A.A., Musil, K.J., Joffe, H., Van Hoepen, E., and

Abbott, S.K. The history of the introduction of invasive alien plants to

southern Africa. In: The ecology and management of biological invasions in

southern Africa, edited by Macdonald, I.A.W., Kruger, F.J., and Ferrar,

A.A.South Africa:Oxford University Press, 1986,p. 21-35.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ALIEN PLANTS; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 2101

2157. Wells, M.J., Duggan, K.J., and Henderson, L. Woody plant invaders of the

central Transvaal. Neser, S. and Cairns, A.L.P. Cape Town:Balkema. , 1980.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : Paper presented at the proceedings of the 3rd National Weeds Conference

of South Africa.

Ref ID : 1179

2158. Wessels, K.J., Pretorius, D.J., Badenhorst, N.C., Van Wyk, E., and Van den

Berg, H.M. Mapping and monitoring the conservation status of the natural

resources of Mpumulanga Province by means of remote sensing and GIS technology.

Project proposal to the Directorate of Resource Conservation, Department of

Agriculture. 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MPUMALANGA; REMOTE SENSING; MONITORING; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT;

SATELLITE IMAGERY; CONSERVATION; METHODOLOGIES; AID; MAPS; STATISTICS

Notes : The author suggests that the time has come for previous experience to be

used constructively for developing cost-effective methods that can be applied to

extensive areas e.g. an entire province, for natural resource monitoring. The

overall objective of this proposed project is: "To develop methodology for

assessing, mapping and monitoring the conservation status of natural resources

(natural vegetation and soil) in the Mpumalanga Province with the aid of Remote

Sensing and GIS (providing spatial databases at a 1:250 000 scale)." Phase one

of this project would be to adapt and develop cost-effective and timely methods

that can cope with large amounts of data (extensive areas) without compromising

too much detail at the provincial scale. Phase two will involve the production

of ouputs (in the form of maps, ArcInfo coverages and vital statistics) and an

accuracy assessment of these products. An attempt will also be made to map

susceptibility to various forms of degradation using GIS modeling. This project

combines various aspects of resource monitoring into a single study and

therefore provides the opportunity to take a holistic look at monitoring and

explore possible interactions between different factors that adversely affect

natural resources. In addition, the single large project is also more cost-

effective than a number of smaller projects, since similar tasks e.g. fieldwork

and preparation of satellite images can be co-ordinated. This document is

divided into two sections which respectively address the mapping and monitoring

of the two main natural resources, namely natural vegetation and soil.

Ref ID : 2455

2159. Westaway, A. Service provision in Keiskammahoek district, Ciskei.Anonymous

East London:World Bank Research Report. , 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; ENERGY; LABOUR; GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES; POLICY; LAND USE;

SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to document the various forms of services

provided in the Keiskammahoek district of the former Ciskei. Field visits and

interviews were used for the study. The report contains a brief history of the

land and government in Gwili-Gwili, Mtwaku and Zanyokwe in the Keiskammahoek

district and list of services provided in the area. The service items which are

listed in the report include land for farming and housing, public

facilities/activities, business, housing, building materials and toilets,

education, energy, water, health services and disability grants, pensions,

dispute resolutions, transport, banking facilities, farming services, police

service, telephone and labour issues. Tribal authorities are irrelevant as far

as service provision is concerned. Headmen however, sanction the delivery of

services. This report can be found at the Border Rural Committee offices. See

also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2528

2160. Westaway, A. Headmanship, land tenure and betterment planning in

Keiskammahoek, C.1920-1980. Occasional Paper no. 35 from ISER, Rhodes

University, Grahamstown.Anonymous Grahamstown:ISER, Rhodes University.

Occasional Paper 35, 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND TENURE; BETTERMENT PLANNING; CISKEI; POLITICAL ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to investigate the pre-betterment period

and the implementation of the betterment plans and their effects in the

Keiskammahoek district. The method consisted of three components: extensive

coverage of the relevant secondary sources; perusal and use of as broad a

spectrum of the available documents (stored in the Keiskammahoek magistrate's

offices) as possible; and the collection of oral testimony in about 70% of the

district locations. The study found that a dogmatic top-down approach was

pracised to implement the betterment plan. As it was implemented, betterment

amounted to little more than a re-arrangement of rural space, the details of

which differ according to land tenure arrangements. Depending on the geographic

and demographic features of the locations in the Keiskammahoek district,

betterment sometimes resulted in substantial conflict between those who owned

land and the landless. In general, location betterment has resulted in the

deepening of the gap between title deed holders and non-title deed hoders, and a

corresponding increase in the desire of both sides to dominate formal location

politics. This report is obtainable from the Border Rural Committee, East

London. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1768

2161. Westfall, R.H., Van Rooyen, N., and Theron, G.K. Veld condition

assessments in Sour Bushveld. Proceedings of the Grasslands Society of Southern

Africa 18:73-76, 1983.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; METHODOLOGIES; NORTHERN PROVINCE

Abstract : The vegetation of the farm "Groothoek" in the Waterberg district of

the Transvaal, situated in the Sour Bushveld, was recently studied using the

Braun-Blanquet method. As nested quadrats were used for sampling the

vegetation, the condition of the vegetation was assessed for each community,

using frequency in 1m2 quadrats to determine percentage composition. The

results indicate relationships between total percentage canopy cover and

percentage decreasers as well as total percentage basal cover and the

composition scores of the veld condition assessments. The use of the veld

condition assessment with the floristic classification helped to explain

anomalies in, and improved the value of, the classification.

Ref ID : 2104

2162. WfW Annual Report 1995/96. Working for Water Programme.Anonymous

Pretoria:Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 1995/96, 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2105

2163. WfW Control of invading alien plants aids flood damage control.Anonymous

Pretoria:Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. , 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ALIEN PLANTS; AID; FLOODS

Notes : A Working for Water article.

Ref ID : 2106

2164. WfW The annual report of 1997/98 of the Working for Water

Programme.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 1997/98,

1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2184

2165. WfW 1997/1998 Annual Report.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Water Affairs

and Forestry. , 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FORESTRY

Notes : The Working for Water Programme, Department of Water Affairs and

Forestry.

Ref ID : 790

2166. Whisken, J.B. An assessment of the effectiveness of betterment planning in

combatting soil erosion.Rhodes University. :3-63, 1991. Honours Thesis.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; BETTERMENT PLANNING; COMMUNAL AREA; CISKEI; EROSION

CONTROL; EROSION; POPULATION; POLICY

Notes : It is concluded that betterment planning is not an effective vehicle for

the prevention of erosion. When compared with similar neighbouring locations,

the betterment area exhibited similar characteristics to those exhibited by the

non-betterment areas. Both areas were found to have more than doubled in class

3 erosion in the period 1962 to 1982. Factors which were found to have most

likely caused this erosion were the increase in population density and the

abandonment of fields. The increase in population was considered to be an

externally induced factor caused in part by the artificial freezing of land open

to black settlement in the 1913 and 1936 Land Acts and in part by the state

policy of relocation of people to the national states during the 1960s and

1970s. The abandonment of fields was found to have been caused by both physical

and social factors. Furthermore, some of the physical factors such as lack of

fertilizer could be caused by the socio-economic framework in which the area is

enmeshed. It is considered in the study that the causes of the similar physical

trends in landuse and erosion features experienced by betterment and non-

betterment areas alike are not to be found in a local context but rather in the

wider socio-economic and political spheres in which they are to be found. The

national space economy is therefore seen to transcend regional and local