Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

directly or indirectly by environment. Some of the interactions between grazing

animal and grazed pasture are illustrated. Animals also affect one another, and

this may influence the way they defoliate, tread and excrete. Despite the

complexity of the animal/plant interaction, it is useful to consider some of the

main effects of defoliation, treading and excretion in order to gain a better

understanding of some of the principles of grazing management.

Ref ID : 1327

673. Danckwerts, J.E. and Drewes, R.H. Veelading en drakrag. Weiding 'n

strategie vir die toekoms.Anonymous Anonymous Pretoria:Departement van Landbou

en Watervoorsiening. :1-8, 1989. 0 621 12061 8.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DROUGHT

Notes : Some of the conclusions reached in this booklet are: maximum profit and

conservative livestock numbers are evidently not contradictory. The most

profitable livestock quantity per ha is, however, definitely lighter than is

presently practised in SA.; lighter livestock numbers increases the farmer's

ability to resist the vagaries of drought in such a way that profit margins are

not overly affected; and the condition of veld plays a vital role when it comes

to accurately assessing the profitability of veld per ha.

Ref ID : 1857

674. Danckwerts, J.E. and King, P.G. Conservative stocking or maximum profit: a

grazing management dilemma? Journal of the Grasslands Society of Southern Africa

1(4):25-28, 1984.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; STOCKING RATE; DROUGHT; VELD CONDITION

Abstract : Swards in the False Thornveld of the Eastern Cape are generally

stocked considerably in excess of the rate currently recommended for maximised

production on a sustained basis. Economic analysis of the relationship between

stocking rate and production per ha reveals that there is no financial

justification for such heavy stocking. Moreover, conservative stocking rates

increase the farmer's ability to withstand drought without adversely affecting

profit. Veld condition also plays a considerable role in determining financial

return per ha. Despite these observations, farmers continue to stock heavily

and this is accompanied by veld deterioration. A possible explanation is that

the productive value of land is relatively insignificant when compared with its

investment value.

Ref ID : 2367

675. Danckwerts, J.E. and Marais, J.B. An evaluation of the economic viability

of commercial pasturalism in the Smaldeel area of the Eastern Cape. Ciskei

Journal for Rural Development , 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; CARRYING CAPACITY; MODELS; CONSERVATION; SUBSIDIES;

CISKEI; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; FARMING SYSTEMS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential net revenue

per ha on veld in good, moderate and poor conditions using carrying capacity

models and financial data. Extension office records were used to list all

sweetveld farms and their sizes in the Adelaide / Bedford extension ward. This

covered some 280 farms, approximately 0,37 million ha or 70% of the portion of

the Smaldeel that is used for commercial pastoralism. The findings were as

follows: 1. only 10% of farming units in the Smaldeel are considered to be in a

good condition. Approximately 60% are in a moderate condition, while the rest

are in poor condition; 2. most farming units in the Smaldeel area are capable of

producing a net farm income derived from commercial pastoralism adequate for a

reasonable standard of living; 3. the majority of farming units can not afford

to finance the cost of land development and the solution to this is conservation

subsidies; 4. when analysed in conventional business terms, most farming units

in the Smaldeel area seem to be sub-economic; 5. on the basis of study group

data, incorporation of goats into bush grass communities such as those in the

Smaldeel area increases net revenue from farming systems. This document is

obtainable from the UFG library. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 1060

676. Danckwerts, J.E. and Stuart-Hill, G.C. The effect of severe drought and

management after drought on the mortality and recovery of semi-arid grassland.

Journal of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 5(4):218-222, 1988.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DROUGHT; VELD MANAGEMENT; GRASSLAND; VEGETATION CHANGE; VEGETATION

DYNAMICS; EASTERN CAPE

Abstract : The False Thornveld of the Eastern Cape experienced a particularly

intense drought during the 1982/83 growing season. Extensive grass mortality

took place during the drought. After the drought, recovery was particularly

sensitive to the post-drought management treatment applied. Veld that was

grazed immediately after the drought recovered far more slowly than veld that

was rested. This effect was still evident three years later, illustrating the

considerable importance of resting semi-arid grassveld after a drought.

Increaser 1 grass species present were apparently more capable of surviving

drought than the Decreaser species, which in turn were more stable than the

Increaser 11 species. Their ability to recover after the drought followed an

opposite trend. On this basis, the desirability of Decreaser dominated veld, in

situations that are likely to be poorly managed, is questioned.

Ref ID : 839

677. Daneel, J.L. The impact of off-road vehicle traffic on the gravel plains of

the central Namib Desert, Namibia.University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. , 1992.

Off-road driving, a popular activity in many arid regions, has been identified

as a problem in the Namib desert, Namibia. The Gravel Plains of the Central

Namib Desert are especially vulnerable to vehicle impact with tracks in some

areas still visible 40-50 years after impact. A study was undertaken on the

Gravel Plains in the Namib Naukluft Park to assess the extent of this damage and

to investigate possible means of preventing or at least reducing further impact.

The objectives of the study were as follows: (i) to assess the extent of

existing damage; (ii) to determine the short-term visual and physical impact of

off-road vehicles on the soils and vegetation of the Gravel Plains with the

objective of providing recommendations for the prevention or reduction of

further impact, (iii) to investigate the rehabilitation of vehicle tracks, and

(iv) to establish permanent monitoring sites for the investigation of the long-

term effects and recovery rates of vehicle tracks. The highest vehicle track

density was determined for the coastal regions of the study area. These

surfaces were characterised by well-developed gypsum crust situated close to the

soil surface and by lichens which grow free on the surface or attached to rocks

and pebbles. Track density decreased inland as more calcareous surfaces were

encountered. Vehicle treatments were applied to experimental plots located

throughout the study area and the relative impact was assessed based on visual

and physical comparisons. Treatments involved variations of tyre width, tyre

pressure, vehicle load, number of passes, speed and drive (2x4 / 4x4). Visual

comparisons were made between treatments from aerial and ground photographs.

Microtopographical measurements - surface area and depth of track - were used to

determine the physical effects of the vehicle treatments at the soil surface

while penetrometer resistance, gave an indication fo the sub-surface effects of

vehicle damage. Cornering resulted in the highest visual impact, followed by

the multiple-pass track and that made by narrow lug tyres. Vehicle tracks made

at high speed were less visible than those made at a lower speed and tended to

recover visually at a much faster rate. The multiple-pass track resulted in the

smoothest, deepest rut, while the speed track was generally shallow with a rough

surface. Soil strength determinations based on penetrometer resistance revealed

that multiple-pass and narrow tyre tracks resulted in sub-surface soil

disturbance to depths significantly greater than that resulting from the other

treatments. The cornering and speed treatments resulted in the highest impact

within the surface layers of soil. Generally disturbance of soil structure did

not extend to depths greater than 80 mm, being, for the most part, confined to

the upper 0-50 mm zone. Vehicle disturbance was found to have a highly

significant effect on lichens with cover being reduced by as much as 80%

following impact. It is suggested that this contributes significantly to the

high visual impact of vehicle tracks on these surfaces. The least sensitive

surfaces were calcrete plains further from the coast, where the lowest track

density was observed. The rehabilitation of vehicle tracks using handheld rakes

was investigated with the intention of determining the optimal dimensions of an

instrument for successful surface rehabilitation. It is suggested that further

research be conducted into the design of a related instrument which can be

attached behind the rear wheels of a vechicle for immediate rehabilitation. The

suggestions for the reduction or prevention of vehicle impact, derived mainly

from the conclusions of this study, involve education, careful planning and a

certain degree of discipline in the field. Awareness of field staff to the

problems associated with off-road driving was stressed.Master of Science.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION; NAMIBIA; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; OFF-ROAD VEHICLE

IMPACTS; MONITORING

Notes : Abstract in file.

Ref ID : 1333

678. Dannhauser, C.S. Aangeplante weiding in die somerreengebiede van Suid-

Afrika. Weiding 'n strategie vir die toekoms.Anonymous Anonymous

Pretoria:Departement van Landbou en Watervoorsiening. :1-10, 1989. 0 621 12058

8.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : RAINFALL; FARMING SYSTEMS

Notes : This pamphlet concludes with the suggestion that an approach of minimal

costing should be followed when focusing on cultivated grazing in extensive

conditions and low rainfall areas. It is always advisable to approach an expert

as soon as it has been decided that cultivated land will be integrated into a

farming system.

Ref ID : 437

679. Dardis, G. and Beckedahl, H. Gully formation in Archaean rocks at

Saddleback pass, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. In: Geomorphological

studies in southern Africa, edited by Dardis, G.F. and Moon,

B.P.Rotterdam:Balkema, 1988,p. 285-297.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; PALAEOENVIRONMENTS

Ref ID : 438

680. Dardis, G. and Beckedahl, H. The role of rock properties in the development

of bedrock-incised rills and gullies: examples from southern Africa. Geojournal

23(1):35-40, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION

Ref ID : 439

681. Dardis, G., Beckedahl, H., and Hanvey, P. Transkei: a geomorphological

field guide. 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; TRANSKEI; EASTERN CAPE; GEOMORPHOLOGY

Ref ID : 282

682. Dardis, G.F. Quaternary erosion and sedimentation in badland areas of

southern Africa. Arid and Semi-arid Environments - Catena Supplement 14:1-9,

1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; PALAEOENVIRONMENTS; SEDIMENTATION

Ref ID : 283

683. Dardis, G.F. and Beckedahl, H. Drainage evolution in an ephemeral soil

pipe-gully system, Transkei, southern Africa. In: Geomorphological studies in

southern Africa, edited by Dardis, G.F. and Moon, B.P.Rotterdam:Balkema, 1988,p.

247-265.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; TRANSKEI; COMMUNAL AREA; PALAEOENVIRONMENTS; EASTERN

CAPE; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Notes : Detailed mapping of a psuedo-karstic pipe-gully at Inxu Drift, Transkei,

southern Africa shows that it developed from a well-integrated soil pipe network

of dendritic form. Multi-storied soil pipes are common in the network, forming

at different levels at different times, in response to edaphic conditions such

as water table fluctuations, and changes of local base-level. Drainage was

directed to a master conduit, part of which is intact. Detailed studies within

the master conduit indicate that it seldom, if ever, achieved full pipe flow

conditions. Pipe propagation occurred along seepage lines while pipe cross-

sectional enlargement was facilitated by roof collapse, sidewall mulching and

pipe floor fluvial incision. The main pipe was originally multi-storied but has

developed into a large single conduit, up to 3.4 m in size, with arterial pipes

and seepage lines. Subaerial exposure of the system by pipe roof and subsequent

sidewall collapse, has resulted in rill development, and sidewall undercutting

and further collapse. These processes may operate separately or in conjunction

with one another.

Ref ID : 284

684. Dardis, G.F., Beckedahl, H., Bowyer-Bower, T.A.S., and Hanvey, P.M. Soil

erosion forms in southern Africa. In: Geomorphological studies in southern

Africa, edited by Dardis, G.F. and Moon, B.P.Rotterdam:Balkema, 1988,p. 187-213.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Notes : A classification of soil erosion forms found in southern Africa is

presented. The classification is based on flow path, flow regime, geometry of

feature, nature of the host/parent material and dominant processes. Nine major

morphogenetic soil erosion forms have been identified on the basis of these

parameters. It is hoped that the classification will remove some ambiguities

which arise in describing soil erosion types and provide a framework within

which factors promoting soil erosion can be readily identified.

Ref ID : 29

685. Darkoh, M.B.K. Combating desertification in the Kingdom of Lesotho.

Transafrican Journal of History 13:188-217, 1984.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; LESOTHO; SOIL EROSION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT;

EROSION

Abstract : This paper describes the measues and schemes introduced by the

colonial and post-independence administrations to combat soil erosion and

desertification and bring about improved conditions in the arid and semi-arid

areas of Tanzania. It also highlights the weaknesses of these programmes and

the lessons derived from the experience gained. This may assist other

developing countries who want to embark on programmes to control the spread of

deserts.

Ref ID : 285

686. Darkoh, M.B.K. Socio-economic and institutional factors behind

desertification in southern Africa. Area 19(1):25-33, 1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS;

ECONOMIC ASPECTS; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT

Notes : This paper unearths evidence from four countries to support the thesis

that behind the seemingly causal physical or human factors commonly cited in the

literature to explain desertification are more fundamental historical, socio-

economic, political and institutional factors which are often ignored.

Ref ID : 286

687. Darkoh, M.B.K. Combating desertification in the southern African region: an

updated regional assessment.Anonymous Nairobi, Kenya:United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP). :1-370, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT

Ref ID : 287

688. Darkoh, M.B.K. Land degradation and soil conservation in eastern and

southern Africa: a research agenda. Desertification Control Bulletin (22):60-68,

1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SOUTHERN AFRICA; LAND DEGRADATION; DESERTIFICATION

ASSESSMENT; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL

Ref ID : 1214

689. Davenport, T.R.H. The age of the social engineers, 1948-60. In: South

Africa: A modern History,Anonymous South Africa:MacMillan, 1987,p. 361-381.

Reprint : In File,

Notes : A summary of headings in this chapter are: the first purely Afrikaner

government; the coloured vote issue and the torch commando; the politics of the

defiance campaign; Tomlinson, Verwoerd, and the ideology of apartheid; the

Strijdom interlude; the defeat of the coloured parliamentary struggle; and

residential and cultural apartheid.

Ref ID : 1212

690. Davenport, T.R.H. The enlightment and the Great Trek. In: South Africa: A

modern history,Anonymous South Africa:MacMillan, 1987,p. 36-53.

Reprint : In File,

Notes : Headings in this chapter are: the eighteenth-century revolution and Cape

colonial 'Calvinism'; the first British occupation, 1795; Batavian rule, 1803-6;

the return of the British, 1806; the Albany settlement of 1820 and its cultural

impact; the emancipation of the slaves and the Cape coloured people; and the

start of the great trek.

Ref ID : 1215

691. Davenport, T.R.H. From the dawn of history to the time of troubles. In:

South Africa: A modern history,Anonymous South Africa:Macmillan, 1987,p. 3-35.

Reprint : In File,

Notes : Briefly, a run-down of headings in the first chapter includes: the

earliest South Africans; the Khoisan people; the northern Nguni disturbances of

the early nineteenth century; and the unrest on the highveld. The second

chapter includes the following: the early years of european settlement; the

Khoikhoi and the Dutch; Cape slavery; the V.O.C. and the Cape situation; the

emergence of the trekboer; conflict between trekboers and Khoisan, who either

accept incorporation or retreat; and the creation of a stratified society.

Ref ID : 1218

692. Davenport, T.R.H. Can cows be culled ? A historical review of land policy

in South Africa, with some question about the future. Development South Africa

4(3):388-393, 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POLICY; BETTERMENT PLANNING; LAND REFORM

Notes : This paper reviews the history of the development of land policy in

South Africa, highlighting episodes occurring during the last hundred years,

such as the Glen Grey Act, the British take-over of the Transvaal, Union, the

1913 and 1936 Land Acts, Betterment Planning, the Tomlinson Commission, and the

unfolding of the homelands policy. While the Land Acts are seen to have had a

disastrous effect upon agriculture in South Africa, it is argued that in present

circumstances it would be safer to seek to repeal the Group Areas Act and to

open up white areas to all races, than to repeal the Land Acts in tote. This

would increase black mobility, whereas without this proviso, black people in

rural areas might find themselves displaced by land reforms, such as might

follow from the abolition of the Land Acts.

Ref ID : 1928

693. Davies, B., O'Keeffe, J., and Snaddon, D. A synthesis of the ecological

functioning conservation and management of South African river systems. Water

Research Commission reports.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research Commission. TT

62/63, 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 2129

694. Davies, B.R. and Day, J.A. Vanishing waters, Cape Town:UCT Press, 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1146

695. Davies, B.R. and King, J. The biology and conservation of South Africa's

vanishing waters, Cape Town, South Africa:Centre for Extra-Mural Studies,

University of Cape Town, 1986.pp. iv-186.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : WATER CONSERVATION; HYDROLOGY

Ref ID : 2130

696. Davies, B.R., O'Keeffe, J.H., and Snaddon, C.D. A synthesis of the

ecological functioning, conservation and management of South African river

ecosystems.Anonymous Water Research Commission. WRC TT 62/93, 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 2131

697. Davies, B.R., O'Keeffe, J.H., and Snaddon, C.D. River and stream ecosystems

in southern Africa: predictably unpredictable. In: Rivers and stream ecosystems,

edited by Cushing, C.E., Cummins, K.W., and Minshall, G.W.New York:Elsevier,

1995,p. 537-599.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 708

698. Davion, R.J. A contribution to understanding contemporary people-

environment dynamics: South African approaches in context. Investigational

Report 149.Anonymous Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural Resources, University

of Natal. IR 149:i-32, 1996. People's level of development is a significant

determinant in their relationship to wild nature. People today are

characterized by a high level of development value wild natural resources

primarily for non-consumptive aesthetic and humanistic purposes. Modern nature

conservation has been dominated by developed peoples' concerns with wild nature.

Concerns of developed peoples with wild nature are described by a resourcism -

preservationism paradigm. In contrast underdeveloped peoples rely upon wild

nature to maintain the integrity of their cultures and increasingly for purposes

of physical survival and promoting development; this involves consumptive use of

wild nature. As all people increasingly become part of a global development

trajectory, resourcism - preservationism is articulating itself as the global

people-environment dynamic. Emergent relations between nature conservation

agency staff and reserve neighbours in South Africa offer a unique opportunity

to study competing concerns around wild nature and assess the ability of

approaches which link conservation and development to meet developed and

underdeveloped peoples' concerns. Evaluation of reserve-neighbour interaction

at Giant's Castle and Kosi Bay areas is achieved through determining whether it

empowers reserve neighbours and conservation agency staff; fundamental to

empowerment is people managing natural resources themselves. Natal Parks

Board's and KwaZulu Department of Nature Conservation's frameworks for extension

do not empower reserve staff or neighbours at Giant's Castle and Kosi Bay

respectively. Trends in competition between developed and underdeveloped

poeples for use of wild nature evidenced in field studies mirror global trends

in people-environment relations. Recent attempts in South Africa and

internationally to address the concerns of underdeveloped peoples, witnessed in