Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

use of this component. However, there is no doubt that the management of the

bush component is extremely important, particularly bush-encroachment control,

whether by introducing browsers or its eradication by chemical or mechanical

means or by burning. In fact, the successful management of the grass component

depends directly on successful bush-encroachment control. As is the case in

other areas, veld management practices are based on basic ecological and

physiological principles which have been laid down by ecologists and

physiologists. Ecological principles embrace all factors (e.g. climate, soil,

topography, interplant competition and the grazing animal) which affect the

plant in its environment, while physiological principles relate to the growth

and development of the plant population.

Ref ID : 1741

935. Fourie, J.H. and du Toit, P.F. Weidingstudies in die Vrystaatstreek: Die

bepaling van veldtoestand. Glen Agric 12(1):5-9, 1982.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; FREE STATE; GRASSLAND; STOCKING RATE; CARRYING

CAPACITY

Ref ID : 1833

936. Fourie, J.H., Engels, E.A.N., and De Bruyn, H.,L.H.C. The influence of

stocking rate and grazing system on the crude protein content and digestibility

of Tarchonathus veld in the northern Cape. Journal of the Grasslands Society of

Southern Africa 3(2):62-69, 1986.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : STOCKING RATE; NORTHERN CAPE

Abstract : Four stocking rates (10, 7, 6 and 4 ha/large stock unit), in both

rotational and continuous grazing have been applied with cattle on Tarchonanthus

veld. The crude protein content and digestility of organic matter of handcut

samples and herbage samples collected by means of oesophageal fistulated steers

in the different treatments, were determined. The results indicated that the

crude protein content (3,9 to 6,7%) and digestibility (48,7 to 59,4%) of hancut

samples was not representative of the diet of grazing cattle. The crude protein

content of the samples collected by means of oesophageal fistulated steers

varied from an average of 13,6% (October to December) to an average of 5,3%

(July and August). On average, the digestiblity of the fistula collected samples

varied between 60,4% (February to April) and 50,2% (July to October). The crude

protein content of the fistula collected samples tended to increase with

increasing stocking rate while digestibility declined. Both crude protein

content and digestibility of the fistula collected samples did not differ

significantly between rotational and continuous grazing.

Ref ID : 1838

937. Fourie, J.H., Opperman, D.P.J., and Roberts, B.R. Influence of stocking

rate and grazing systems on available grazing in the northern Cape. Journal of

the Grasslands Society of Southern Africa , 1999.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : STOCKING RATE; NORTHERN CAPE; RAINFALL

Abstract : The influence of rotational and continuous grazing systems, each

applied with four stocking rates, on the above-ground phytomass of veld was

determined over four years. Grazing systems showed a significant influence on

available herbage during one year only. Increased stocking rates brought a

progressive decline in above-ground phytomass. During the fourth season

(1980/81) the average grazing pressures at stocking rates of 10 ha, 7 ha, 5,5 ha

and 4 ha/Large stock unit were 5 984 kg, 3 417 kg, 2 390 kg and 1 238 kg

phytomass/Large stock unit, respectively. At the end of the fourth season

(July, 1981) there was reserve grazing available on the various stocking rates

for approximately 579 days, 337 days, 202 days, and 76 days respectively. The

risk of high stocking rates in the marginal rainfall regions, is emphasised.

Ref ID : 1792

938. Fourie, J.H. and Redelinghuys, G.J. Influence of stocking rate and grazing

system on plant basal cover and botanical composition of veld in the northern

Cape. Journal of the Grasslands Society of Southern Africa 1(4):20-24, 1984.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : STOCKING RATE; NORTHERN CAPE; VELD CONDITION; RAINFALL

Abstract : Changes in basal cover and botanical composition were recorded at

four stocking rates, both under continuous and rotational grazing in the

Northern Cape. The experiment was conducted with cattle. Results suggested

that heavier stocking rates could be applied under rotational grazing than under

continuous grazing without veld deterioration occuring. After four seasons,

botanical composition deteriorated only under continuous grazing. Plant basal

cover decreased significantly at the heavy stocking rates, but under rotational

and continuous grazing. This result illustrates the danger of grazing

strategies based on an injudicious increase in stock numbers. Basal cover was

found to be a better indicator of trends in veld condition than botanical

composition, despite annual fluctuations resulting from rainfall variability.

Changes in the botanical composition apparently occur only where veld

deterioration is more advanced.

Ref ID : 424

939. Fourie, L.J., Kok, D.J., Krugel, L., Snyman, A., and Vanderlingen, F.

Control of karoo paralysis ticks through vegetation managment. Medical &

Veterinary Entomology 10(1):39-43, 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT

Ref ID : 601

940. Fox, N.P. A reconsideration of rural betterment planning.University of

Natal, Pietermaritzburg. , 1983. Thesis (MTRP).

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS;

BETTERMENT PLANNING; LAND USE; POVERTY

Notes : In brief, chapter 1 sets out to develop a theoretical framework for

analyizing development in Third World social formations. This chapter concluded

that any analysis of social formations must take account of the articulation

modes of production. Chapter 2 analyzed the developments in the South African

social formation relevant to an analysis of Betterment Planning. In relating

Betterment Planning to developments in the social formation, Chapter 3 showed

how the need for planning arose in the Reserves, and what it attempted to

achieve. This chapter concluded with a number of hypotheses to be tested during

the course of research into planning and socio-economic conditions in the

Reserves. Chapter 4 tested hypotheses by analyzing findings of field research

in terms of an analysis of Betterment Planning. It concluded that whilst the

CMP has assumed dominance in South African soil formation, that a restructured

PCMP does exist in the Reserve areas today. Furthermore, although planning has

achieved a more rationalized land use, conditions of abject poverty prevail.

Ref ID : 2446

941. Fraser, G.C.G. An economic analysis of factors influencing rural-urban

migration in Southern Africa. Development Southern Africa 10(3), 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; CISKEI; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION;

LABOUR

Notes : The purpose of the study was to carry out an empirical analysis to test

hypotheses concerning the determinants of the decision by rural households in

Ciskei to migrate to urban centres, in search of off-farm employment. The data

used in the analysis were collected from a survey of households in 2 rural

villages, i.e. Majwareni and Roxeni in the Victoria East district of Ciskei. A

detailed discussion of the selection criteria, sampling procedure and data

collection can be found in the author's PhD thesis of 1991. The results of the

study revealed that age, sex and education were significant factors contributing

to the probability of migrating. The results also suggest that the personal

characteristics of the household heads had a bearing on the probability of

migration. Other variables such as training for a particular occupation, the

number of hectares available to the household for crop production and the

household's economic status and wealth had little bearing on the decision to

migrate to urban centres. This article can be obtained from the Document

Centre, University of Fort Hare. See also ref. I.D. No: 2339.

Ref ID : 2445

942. Fraser, G.C.G. Farmer responses to the provision of livestock marketing

facilities in Ciskei. Agrekon 31(3), 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; INSTITUTIONAL

ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC ASPECTS;

SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to examine small famers' response to the

provision of livestock marketing facilities. A detailed investigation of the

marketing of livestock from 2 typical villages was made with the help of

structured questionnaires. In addition, factors influencing the marketing of

livestock in less developed agriculture, livestock production and institutional

marketing systems in Ciskei were examined using literature review. Livestock

plays an important role in the rural life of Ciskei, but has not made a

significant contribution to earnings. The provision of livestock marketing

system was aimed at giving farmers satisfactory returns for their animals. This,

however, has not increased the turnover of livestock among the farmers despite

them stating that they keep livestock as a source of income. The major drawback

in farmers more fully utilising the marketing facilities is that the majority of

the households have insufficient livestock to meet their social and cultural

needs, and to have animals to sell on a regular basis. The reluctance to market

animals is not related to a lack of marketing channels, but rather for two

reasons: firstly, the important role that livestock, especially cattle, play in

the rural household, and secondly; the number of livestock held by individual

households is not conducive to selling. This article is obtainable from the

libarary at the University of Fort Hare. See also ref. I.D. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2463

943. Fraser, G.C.G. Provision of accessible marketing and extension services in

less-developed agriculture. Development Southern Africa 11(7), 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose is to investigate the influence of the extension service in

Ciskei on the provision of marketing information to small-scale subsistence crop

farmers. The information used in this paper was obtained from a rural marketing

survey of 2 typical Ciskei villages, and a survey of agricultural extension

officers in Ciskei. A study of the marketing system in Ciskei showed that it

had not resulted in an increase in marketable surplus among small-scale

subsistence farmers, and that the provision of marketing information was

inadequate. The establishment of the Ciskei Marketing Board has not led to an

increase in marketing activity among small-scale farmers. Farmers did not

receive information about the marketing procedure. Transport facilities were

inadequate and extension services were understaffed. The author recommended

that local depots for the collection of crop surpluses and the appointment of

village agricultural assistants would help to make the marketing and extension

services more accessible to small-scale farmers. This report is available at

the Document Centre, Agriculture, University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no.

2339.

Ref ID : 2464

944. Fraser, G.C.G. and Antrobus, G.G. Viewpoint: Promoting entrepreneurship in

agriculture in the Eastern Cape. Agrekon 3(3), 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; AID; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of this paper is to investigate the promotion of

entrepreneurship among small-scale farmers in Region D. The method used in this

study was literature review. The authors have made an extensive literature

review to extract relevant information for selected cases in developing

entrepreneurship in small-scale subsistence and commercial agriculture. The

study found that entrepreneurship in small-scale agriculture prevails but that

there is a good deal of latent entrepreneurship which could and should be

brought to the fore. The authors briefly outlined what should be done to

correct the situation. Firstly, studies over time would be required to more

accurately capture entrepreneurship characteristics. Priority should be given

to identification, refinement and improvement of the best programmes. The

authors argued that the key to developing entrepreneurship is farmer enablement

through: a. the creation of opportunities to use and develop entrepreneurial

skills; b. aid of such a nature as not to develop dependence; c. training in the

basic skills necessary to recognise and exploit opportunities, and d. the use of

non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as appropriate. This article is available

at the main library at the University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2502

945. Fraser, G.C.G., Belete, A., and Jack, B.S. Peasant farmer supply response

to maize price changes in the Middledrift district. Agrekon 35(2), 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; MODELS; POLICY; CISKEI; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION;

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of product

prices of maize and sorghum, on maize supply response of the peasant farmers in

3 villages in the Middledrift district of the Eastern Cape. An aggregate farm

production time series data for the period 1969 to 1989 was obtained from the

local and district agricultural offices. To analyse the data, the Nerlovian

Adjusted lagged model was used. The results indicated that producers are

responsive to price incentives and their response is elastic in both the short

(1:23) and long run (1:41). The prices of maize and the competing crop

(sorghum); the areas under maize in the preceding season are found to be

important factors to the producers in their land allocation decision-making

process. The model shows that farmers behave rationally to changes in product

prices. The policy implication is that the price of maize can be used to

increase production of maize to enhance food security for subsistence farmers

and to increase the marketable surplus. This article is obtainable from the main

library in the University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 445

946. Frauenstein, G.G. An investigation of the sources and supply of coarse

sediment input to a semi-arid channel reach.Rhodes University. , 1987. Master of

Arts.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION

Ref ID : 2013

947. Freitag, W. Eradication of queen of the night. Agricultural News :11, 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1731

948. Friedel, M.H. A preliminary investigation of woody plant increase in the

western Transvaal and implications for veld assessment. Journal of the Grassland

Society of southern Africa 4(1):25-30, 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GRASSLAND; BUSH ENCROACHMENT; VELD CONDITION; SAVANNA; VEGETATION

DYNAMICS; SOIL PROPERTIES; AGROFORESTRY

Abstract : The relationships between tree density and indices of pasture and

soil condition were examined in Western Transvaal grasslands where Acacia karroo

had increased following disturbance. The correlation between tree density and

pasture condition was not linear, indicating a threshold in condition below

which dramatic increase in trees is likely. Some evidence is presented for a

second threshold where soil compaction inhibits seedling establishment and tree

density declines. The necessity for assessing tree and soil status in addition

to pasture condition is discussed and a variety of possible indicators of

pasture, woody plant and soil status is considered.

Ref ID : 165

949. Friedel, M.H. A preliminary investigation of woody plant increase in the

western Transvaal and implication for veld assessment. Journal of the Grassland

Society of southern Africa 4(1):25-30, 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SAVANNA; BUSH ENCROACHMENT; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; VELD CONDITION;

DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; VEGETATION CHANGE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; GRASSLAND

Abstract : The relationship between tree density and indices of pasture and soil

condition were examined in Western Transvaal grasslands where Acacia karroo had

increased following disturbance. The correlation between tree density and

pasture condition was not linear, indicating a threshold in condition below

which dramatic increase in trees is likely. Some evidence is presented for a

second threshold where soil compaction inhibits seedling establishment and tree

density declines.

The necessity for assessing tree and soil status in addition to pasture

condition is discussed and a variety of possible indicators of pasture, woody

plant and soil status is considered.

Ref ID : 1775

950. Friedel, M.H. The development of veld assessment in the Northern Transvaal

savanna: II. Mixed Bushveld. Journal of the Grasslands Society of Southern

Africa 5(2):55-63, 1988.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SAVANNA; VELD CONDITION; NORTHERN PROVINCE; GRAZING EFFECTS;

VEGETATION CHANGE; METHODOLOGIES

Abstract : Differences in pasture species composition as a consequence of

grazing were used to develop a proposed classification of pasture species

response to grazing, for both the Combretum apiculatum and the Acacia tortilis

communities of the northern Transvaal mixed bushveld. The limited value of this

approach is discussed in view of likely interactions with other driving forces.

Woody vegetation changed in response to grazing in Acacia tortilis veld but not

in Combretum apicalatum veld. Two thresholds of change were indicated, one of

which coincided with soil change. The value of recognizing thresholds in

pasture composition rather than attempting to identify benchmarks is discussed.

A different approach is required, using multivariate analysis to assess the

effect of interacting driving forces and state variables. Advances in

ecological knowledge are needed to complement the development of veld assessment

techniques. Recommendations are made for veld measurement techniques.

Ref ID : 1394

951. Friedel, M.H. Range condition assessment and the concept of thresholds: A

viewpoint. Journal of Range Management 44(5):422-426, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; MONITORING; AID

Abstract : Dissatisfaction persists with current approaches to range condition

and trend assessment. Sometimes assessed condition does not truly represent the

past or the potential of range. One of the likely causes is a failure to re-

examine and change if necessary the theoretical basis of assessment, in line

with developing understanding of ecological processes. The concept of

thresholds of environmental change appears to provide a reasonable alternative

in some circumstances to the concepts of gradual retrogression and secondary

succession which are currently accepted. I suggest that environmental change

can be discontinuous, with thresholds between alternative states. Once a

threshold is crossed to a more degraded state, the former state cannot be

attained without significant management effort, such as prescribed burning,

ploughing or herbicide application, rather than simple grazing control.

Examination of data from extensive monitoring programs and from a study of

grazing impact, as well as more general sources of information, indicates that

thresholds of change may be identifable in arid rangelands. A practical means

of monitoring proximity to thresholds is available and, with the aid of

multivariate analysis, the effects of spatial variability and season can be

separated from those of management. The potential of this approach deserves

investigation in a wider variety of environments.

Ref ID : 1773

952. Friedel, M.H. and Blackmore, A.C. The development of veld assessment in the

Northern Transvaal savanna 1. Red Turfveld. Journal of the Grasslands Society of

Southern Africa 5(1):20-37, 1988.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SAVANNA; FIRE; NORTHERN PROVINCE; VELD CONDITION; PRODUCTION

POTENTIAL; GRAZING EFFECTS; CLIMATE

Abstract : Grazing-induced gradients in pasture species composition were

characterized for the red turfveld of the Northern Transvaal savanna. A

proposed classification of pasture species response to grazing was developed and

the influence of state variables and driving forces other than grazing was

recognized. It is argued that the present status of woody vegetation reflects a

variety of influences on a variety of scales. Its effects on forage production

needs quantification. Relationships between a pasture composition index and the

density of "tree equivalents" were demonstrated. Differences in fire history,

soil type and/or grazing may have accounted for the occurrence of two distinct

regressions. "Condition" indices incorporate the assumption that grazing is the

only force acting on the veld apart from season, and their value is questioned.

Discussion of benchmarks is left to Part II. There was no evidence of soil

change as a consequence of grazing but the importance of soil type in vegetation

assessment was noted. Pasture yield was not investigated but deserves study.

Gaps in knowledge are discussed and some recommendations for research are

offered.

Ref ID : 716

953. Friedman, M. Gender and development: literature review. Occasional Paper

23.Anonymous Anonymous Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural Resources,

University of Natal. :2-28, 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GENDER ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Notes : The main purpose of this review is to inform a project that has been

initiated by the Institute of Natural Resources entitled: "Gender, Agricultural

Production and Rural Services Provision". As a general aim, the project intends

to assess how a variety of local development projects have responded to;