Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

grazing gradient, and therby make inferences as to the grazing/burning history

of the site.

Ref ID : 1760

1143. Hurt, C.R., Hardy, M.B., and Tainton, N.M. Identification of key grass

species under grazing in the Highland Sourveld of Natal. African Journal Range

for Science 10(2):96-102, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BOTANICAL SURVEY; MONITORING; KWAZULU NATAL; VELD CONDITION; GRAZING

EFFECTS

Abstract : Relative abundances of rangeland species have for many years been

used to index trends in range condition following the impact of grazing. All

species recorded in a botanical survey are usually classified according to their

assumed reaction to grazing using the increaser and decreaser groups. We used a

gradient analysis of 216 sample sites to show that only certain species in the

Highland Sourveld of Natal, South Africa, were responsive to the grazing impact.

We therefore recommend that non-responsive species should not be used to monitor

trends in range conditions. Three categories of grass species were defined for

interpretive purposes in a monitoring programme, viz. decreaser, increaser and

invader species, based on their reaction to the grazing impact. Eight grass

species in the Highland Sourveld of Natal showed clear responses along a

gradient of grazing intensity, and were abundant over at least a portion of this

gradient. These species were selected as key species and were recommended for

monitoring range condition in this vegetation type.

Ref ID : 594

1144. Hurwitz, N. The development of Natal agriculture, with special reference

to land use, 1860-1945.University of Stellenbosch. , 1964. Doctoral

Dissertation.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; LAND USE; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; KWAZULU

NATAL

Ref ID : 1938

1145. Hyams, E. Soil and civilisation, John Murray, 1976.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2568

1146. Igodan, C. Baseline study to set up a monitoring and evaluation framework

to measure the impact of the public works programme on the prioritised eight

districts council areas of South Africa: A case study of Amatola and Stormberg

District Councils. Study Report.Anonymous , 1999.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : MONITORING; AID; EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES;

IRRIGATION; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Notes : The purpose of the study was to collect data or information relating to

public work projects carried out by the Public Works Departments and the

district councils after 1994. This process was conducted by interviews as well

as with the aid of secondary data collection in selected areas of the district

councils. The data collected related to the following assets: buildings, roads,

water projects, community facilities and productive assets. Other information

relating to quality and sustainability was also gathered. The results revealed

that between 1995 and 1998, attention was given to the development of specific

assets over others notably, domestic water, schools and roads. Others, such as

community facilities, environmental degradation projects, and productive assets

such as dipping tanks, received minimal attention. This report is obtainable

from the Document Centre, Agriculture, University of Fort Hare. See also ID

ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2339

1147. Igodan, C., Belete, A., Kwaw-Mensah, D., and Nompozolo, S. Annotated data-

base or research in rural livelihood and agricultural production in the former

Ciskei and Transkei areas of the Eastern Cape, South Africa (1987 -

1999).Anonymous Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa:Faculty of Agriculture. , 1999.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; CISKEI; TRANSKEI; EASTERN CAPE;

BIBLIOGRAPHY; RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of this annotated data-base or summary of research

reports/studies is to provide and document information on the research related

to rural livelihoods and agricultural production in the former Ciskei and

Transkei areas (FCT) of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It should be

pointed out that the research was carried out by several individuals in a

variety of institutions and organisations. Not all available studies or

research in the topic of rural livelihood in the years 1987 - 1999 may have been

captured and further work may need to be done to ensure this collation and

continuous updating of the data-base. It is hoped that this compilation is the

first of a series of that effort. The summaries or abstracts are organised

alphabetically by authors' last names and chronologically with 1987 as the most

recent capture and report. Each of the studies or research reports was reviewed

by the research team detailing the purpose of the study or research, methods

used and findings or result. The year of publication, nature of document,

source and magisterial district of each study is carefully noted and documented.

Finally to allow for ease of search, each study compiled has a list of keywords.

Ref ID : 2442

1148. Igodan, C., Belete, A., Kwaw-Mensah, D., and Nompozolo, S. Rural

livelihoods and agricultural production in the former Transkei/Ciskei.

Rehabilitation ecology: veld rehabilitation, reclamation and revegetation of

degraded land. Ainslie, A. Grahamstown:ARC-Range and Forage Institute. Contract

5: 5.4, 1999.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; TRANSKEI; CISKEI; FORESTRY; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION;

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; IRRIGATION

Notes : The Eastern Cape Province, of which Transkei and Ciskei form part, is a

predominantly rural province and has approximately 400 000 hectares of land

suitable for agriculture, another 300 00 ha for forestry and 3,5 million

hectares suitable for livestock production. Farming in the rural areas is

dominated by subsistence farmers who farm in conditions dominated by poor

production resources (ECSECC). Generally, conditions in the province favour

livestock production. Most of the land is best suited to extensive production

of sheep. The central parts, which are semi-arid, lend themselves well to a

mixed type of stocking, involving cattle, sheep and goats. The humid eastern

part of the province is generally well suited for cattle ranching. Conditions

in the coastal zone favour dairy production. Land suitable for crop production

is found in localized pockets along the coast and in the central and eastern

part of the province. In the dry western half, crop production is possible but

only on irrigated land.

Ref ID : 308

1149. Immelman, D.W. Bewaringsboerdery-toestande in die Bo-Oranje

opvanggebied.University of Pretoria. , 1967. Doctoral Dissertation.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FREE STATE; CULTIVATION; GRASSLAND; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT;

SEDIMENTATION; VELD MANAGEMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; SOIL EROSION

Ref ID : 1549

1150. Immelman, D.W. Grondbewaringstoestande in die Oranjerivieropvanggebied van

Noord-oos Kaap.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Agricultural Technical Services.

:1-121, 1967. The following recommendations were made based on the findings of

the study: (1) Evaluation studies should be carried out more extensively in

order to throw more light on the problem of soil erosion in different farming

areas. (2) Priority must be afforded to the classification of different types of

soil and the potential use of different types of soils in research programmes of

agricultural science. (3) Technical problems encountered in different

situations must be researched on a scientific basis, for example the effect of

varying slopes and land uses must be determined. (4) The consolidation of

ground in the Orange River catchment areas must be seriously considered by

authorities in order to prevent any further misjudgment in distributing land.

(5) The development of the Orange River Project must, urgently, while there is

no serious shortage of food, consolidate those farms where there is a surplus of

food. (6) Research into extension officers' duties must take place so that

farmers who reside on consolidated land or who need to be placed in areas where

there is provision of irrigation can be determined. (7) Regulations

constraining the extension service must be limited in an orderly fashion, but as

soon as possible and a parallel service should be made available in order to

satisfy the regulatory responsibilities. (8) Soil conservation committees must

be trained and used to their full potential in order to assist extension

services fully. (9) Due consideration must be given to subsidies and financial

aid schemes with regard to areas, farms and practices. (10) Necessary facilities

must be instituted at the Department of Agricultural and Technical Services in

order to remove slow and inefficient procedures, and in order to remove

dependence on other institutions; and (12) An investigation into the feasibility

of a project, whereby farmers receive a certificate every 5 years detailing the

degree of soil stability on their land, should be instituted.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : EROSION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; FREE STATE; GRASSLAND; LAND

DEGRADATION; SEDIMENTATION; SOIL EROSION; IRRIGATION; SOIL CONSERVATION;

CONSERVATION; SUBSIDIES; AID; SOIL PROPERTIES; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; FARMING

SYSTEMS; AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS

Notes : Have only copied a few pages. This work is probably based on his

thesis.

Ref ID : 759

1151. Infield, M. Attitudes of a rural community towards conservation and a

local conservation area in Natal, South Africa. Biological Conservation 45:21-

46, 1988.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : KWAZULU NATAL; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION

Abstract : This paper examines attitudes of a rural community towards

conservation and the Umfolozi/Hluhluwe/Corridor Complex Game Reserve, the local

Conservation Area. The data presented was derived from a study of the viability

of rural industries based on wildlife resources from this area. A questionnaire

survey was carried out amongst households close to the Conservation Area.

Respondents from 182 households were interviewed. A high proportion (65%) were

found to be positive towards the concept of conservation though fewer were

positive towards the Conservation Area and its managers. The distribution of

attitudes in the community was cross-tabulated against 14 demographic variables.

It was found that positive attitudes tended to increase with increasing

household affluence and with the respondent's level of education. The most and

the least westernised households tended to be positive towards conservation,

suggesting the influence of a traditional concept of conservation. That

households which had experienced direct benefits from the Conservation Area were

more positive than those which had not indicates the importance of allowing

local people access to wildlife resources and of encouraging structures to

integrate conservation areas within local economies.

Ref ID : 1272

1152. Irvine, L.O.F. Bosindrining in Noord-Transvaal. Farming in South Africa

:725-729, 1943.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT; NORTHERN PROVINCE; CARRYING CAPACITY; SAVANNA;

GRASSLAND

Notes : The author concludes by beseeching all bushveld farmers to carefully

monitor the condition of their land. Where bush encroachment takes place, the

farmer must tenaciously tackle the task of curbing its growth and keeping bush

under control in other areas. The farmer must do this knowing that it is right

and a necessary condition in order to maintain the carrying capacity of his/her

land. S/he must know that if s/he fails in this task, his/her entire family

will be driven from the farm which they have come to love, in a relatively short

space of time.

Ref ID : 2558

1153. Israel, S.H., Mzileni, N.T., Pearson, R.A., and O'Neil, D.H. Seasonal

contributions of draught animals to activities in small-scale 'emerging' farming

in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Research report.Anonymous , 1999.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; MONITORING; LABOUR; RAINFALL; CISKEI; LIVESTOCK

PRODUCTION; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to obtain a picture of the contribution

that animal power makes on emerging farms in the Eastern Cape throughout the

year. Two study areas were selected on the basis of their known use of draught

animals for agriculture. The areas were Esixekweni in the Debe Nek and Chamama

in the Amatola Basin, Middledrift district. A total of 6 farmers were selected

to participate in the monitoring. Each farmer was given a diary and agreed to

record in it all activities related to farming, as well as draught animal use

and management. The records were used as a source of information. Animal power

is seen by many of the emerging farmers as an economic and available source of

power with which to complement manual labour and some tractor power on their

farms. The animals were busiest between August and November in Esixekweni and

later in the year from November to January in Chamama. Peak times of use were

influenced by the rainfall and coincided with low preparation and planting.

Transport of water (all year), manure (July to October), firewood (October to

February), branches for kraal (as necessary). There seem to be bright prospects

for younger, more energetic people to run small-scale agricultural enterprises,

commercially based on livestock and the judicious use of draught animal power.

This report can be found at the document centre, Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 521

1154. Jack, B. An overview of important agricultural policy issues and their

relevance for a future non-racial democratic South Africa. Working Document

No.1.Anonymous Anonymous University of Fort Hare. :i-56, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POLICY; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; POLITICAL ASPECTS; POPULATION

Notes : The objective of this study is to analyse the agricultural sector of SA

with a view to identifying areas that need restructuring. It is not the purpose

of any transformation process to bring about less benefits to the country;

instead the aim is to bring about an improved socio-economic status of the

entire population. In an attempt to achieve this objective it is imperative to

introduce several structural policy options that relate to the ownership and

utilisation of resources, farmer support and delivery systems. This study also

looks at the impact of the envisaged policy interventions and selected

endogenous variables on the macro-economic balances. These policy instruments

and endogenous variables are simply identified without quantifying their impact

as this task is relevant to macro-economic modelling.

Ref ID : 2447

1155. Jack, B.S. Peasant farmer response to changes in price and off-farm wage

rates in three selected rural villages.University of Fort Hare. , 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; MODELS; LABOUR; ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to establish the impact of product prices

of maize and sorghum and off-farm wage employment rates on the area cultivated

by peasant farmers in three selected villages in Middledrift district of the

Ciskei Homeland. A stratified random sampling procedure was used to sample 400

peasants from Zihlahleni and 150 from Payipase and Ntonga. Data was collected

with the help of questionnaires. The multiple regression model was used as an

analytical tool. The study revealed that the peasant household members who were

expected to farm were old men and women because the relatively young household

members were engaged in off-farm wage employment. The findings further revealed

that product prices and off-farm wage employment rates were not major

determinants of acre age responses. In short, the results of the study

contradicted theoretical expectations that product prices and off-farm wage

employment were major determinants of acre age responses. This article is

obtainable from the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Fort Hare. See

also ID, ref no: 2339.

Ref ID : 1939

1156. Jacks, G. and Whyte, R. The rape of the earth: a world survey of soil

erosion, London:Faber & Faber, 1939.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION

Ref ID : 2335

1157. Jacobs, N. The great Bophuthatswana donkey massacre: the politics of class

and grass. 1999.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BOPHUTHATSWANA; POLICY; NORTHWEST PROVINCE

Notes : Donkeys are not indigenous to South Africa. That donkeys arrived

through European expansion is appropriate to this story, for it is fundamentally

a history of colonial rule. Donkeys proved to be very useful to Tswana people

near Kuruman, as they contended with changes brought by colonialism. Yet the

history of donkeys was shaped by a discourse about their value, and the

authority in this discourse lay in the colonial and segregationist state, not

among the donkey owners. The anti-donkey discourse developed into an anti-

donkey policy, whose implementation was predicated on circumstances of colonial

rule - an absence of political rights and the inability of first black and then

poor black people to participate in decisions about appropriate uses of the

environment. This story of donkeys and their owners reached a tragic climax in

1983 when the "homeland" of Bophuthatswana destroyed thousands of donkeys,

against the wishes of their owners. The massacre of donkeys was justified with

an argument that cattle were more deserving of grass, but killing donkeys had

more to do with relations between people than between animals and the

environment. Although it targeted animals, it was a violent demonstration of

the power of the state, threatening people who might resist the loss of their

ability to use the environment or protest political repression. Now, after the

fall of apartheid and the end of Bophuthatswana, an alternative populist

discourse is dominant, one which extols the moral significance of donkeys, to

poor people, the environment and democracy itself. The South African national

government and the provincial government of the North-West Province must engage

in this discourse if they hope to retain legitimacy and promote economic and

political development.

Ref ID : 1407

1158. James, B. Mabibi energy consumption patters.Anonymous Pretoria:Department

of Mineral and Energy Affairs. :1-122, 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ENERGY; DEFORESTATION; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; KWAZULU; SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT; METHODOLOGIES; LABOUR; FOREST; CONSERVATION; FORESTRY

Notes : Final report.This study of energy consumption patterns at Mabibi was

undertaken as part of the Wind Energy Demonstration Project which was initiated

at a primary school in Mabibi in 1991. A preliminary investigation, which

formed part of a socio-economic impacts study, examined the energy use of

households at Mabibi by using a quantitative survey methodology. It was decided

to extend this research by using qualitative research methods in order to

attempt a fuller understanding of the energy utilization patterns of the

households at Mabibi. The objectives of the study were therefore to provide

insight into energy consumption patterns in a remote rural community, in order

to compare and contrast the results with those being gathered by other

researchers for different rural and urban communities; and secondly, to examine

the way in which social, institutional and environmental forces determine and

inform people's energy consumption behaviour. The study was undertaken by the

author who spent 4 months living at Madibi. She was assisted in the field by a

member of the Mabibi community. The methodological approach was an ethnographic

one, in which 13 households were selected for detailed study. Households were

selected on the basis of location, age and gender of the household head,

education level of members, economic status and size. Quantitative data on fuel

use patterns and daily activities of household members were gathered by means of

log books which were kept for one month. In order to facilitate accurate

documentation it was necessary to visit the households regularly and it was not

possible to extend this intensive data gathering beyone one month. Indepth

interviews with energy users were also carried out. Community meetings and

workshops were attended and one community meeting was arranged by the

researcher. The methodological approach is outlined in chapter 2, together with

a section on fieldwork reflections, which raises the importance of a researcher

being aware of his/her own particular history, position within society and power

in relation to that of the community. Women should be the focal point of her

study of rural energy consumption, in view of their role in fuelwood collection.

It is argued in this report that it is necessary to explore gender relations

(i.e. the socially constructed relations between men and women) and the way in

which they affect women's access to and control over energy resources. A

general description of the Mabibi community and the physical setting is

contained in chapter 3. Chapter 4 outlines in detail the socio-economic status

of each of the 13 households and presents household profiles. The age of

household heads ranged from 37 to 72 years, with household sizes ranging from 4

to 25. Four of the households were headed by women. The education status of the

heads ranged from no education to std. 6, with eight of the heads having had no

education. Income of households ranged from R20 to R1755 per month, with the

pension forming a major part of the income. Ten households received pensions

and 8 of them were totally reliant on them for survival. Migrant remittances

were erratic and were an insecure form of income. Although 9 of the 13

households have household members who are migrant workers, only 2 received