less protracted than restoring an already polluted aquifer. In compiling a
national-scale groundwater vulnerability map of Southern Africa, it was decided
to use the widely known DRASTIC methodology that includes the following
components: (1) the Depth to groundwater; (2) the Recharge due to rainfall; (3)
the Aquifer media; (4) the Soil media; (5) the Topographer; (6) the Impact of
the vadose zone; and (7) the Conductivity (hydraulic). This methodology is well
suited to gridded information sets of factors influencing groundwater
vulnerability. The fact that the major strength of a grid cell-based model lies
in its analytical capabilities, makes the ARC/INFO geographic infomation system
(GIS) the ideal choice for manipulation and displaying the data surrounding the
DRASTIC model. This paper outlines the technicques used in compiling the data
sets for those factors that influence the susceptibility of groundwater to
contamination over Southern Africa and the techniques involved in manipulating
and displaying these data in GIS. The different techniques employed in the
gathering and calculation of the different information sets required by the
DRASTIC model to describe the groundwater vulnerability are presented in detail.
The final output, which is in the form of a colour paper map, will be useful in
presenting the concept of groundwater vulnerabiity and groundwater protection to
the layman.
Ref ID : 1141
1321. Lyster, R. "Protected natural environments": difficulties with
environmental land use regulation and some thoughts on the property clause. De
Jure :136-153, 1919.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; CONSERVATION; POLICY; LEGISLATION
Ref ID : 563
1322. Maaren, H. Workshop on the effect of rural land use and catchment
management on water resources.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Environmental
Affairs. TR 113, 1983.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : LAND USE; HYDROLOGY; RUNOFF; COMMUNAL AREA
Ref ID : 2561
1323. Mabuntana, F. Willowvale needs assessment. BRC Report.Anonymous East
London:Border Rural Committee. , 1999.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : CISKEI; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; WATER QUALITY; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION
Notes : The purpose of the study was to assess the needs of community members in
the Willowvale district. A proactive approach was applied to the facilitation
of community needs assessment workshops, engagement with the Willowvale Planning
Committee (WPC) and the provision of mentoring to facilitate the WPC. The
Willowvale district is 99% rural with a huge backlog in service provision.
Socio-economic and service infrastructure were not adequately provided for by
the past government, thus affecting the development potential of the area. Most
needs expressed in the area were about infrastructure. Roads (access and main)
and water (for households and stock) were mentioned as needs, and ranked among
the highest four priorities namely roads, water, schools and clinics. However,
veterinary services, dairy farming/agriculture and banking services were among
further needs determined in the district. This report is available from the
Border Rural Committee, East London. See also ID ref. no. 2339.
Ref ID : 1749
1324. Macdonald, I.A.W. Man's role in changing the face of southern Africa. In:
Biotic diversity in southern Africa: concepts and conservation, edited by
Huntley, B.J.Cape Town:Oxford University Press, 1989,p. 51-72.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; CONSERVATION; POPULATION; CULTIVATION; BIODIVERSITY;
LAND USE; GRAZING EFFECTS; PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; SOIL
CONSERVATION
Notes : The author concludes that man has played an important role in modifying
or transforming virtually every ecosystem in southern Africa. The quantitative
extent of these changes is generally difficult to ascertain. However, it
appears likely that they are significant in terms of the ability of the affected
ecosystems to support populations of native species. Historic reductions in the
ranges of many of these species indicate that it is essential that adequate
areas be protected from man's influence if the diversity of southern Africa's
biota is to be conserved. It is equally important that limits be established
for the allowable extents of certain transformations (eg. the impoundment of
rivers), and that certain landuse practices (eg. cultivation and domestic
livestock grazing) be improved if essential ecological processes are to be
maintained. A guiding principle in all such decisions should be that the
practically 'non-renewable' soil resource must be protected.
Ref ID : 2047
1325. Macdonald, I.A.W., Clark, D.L., and Taylor, H.C. The history and effects
of alien plant control in the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, 1941 - 1987.
South African Journal of Botany 55:56-75, 1989.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : ALIEN PLANTS; NATURE RESERVES
Ref ID : 2048
1326. Macdonald, I.A.W., Jarman, M.L., and Beeston, P.M. Management of invasiver
plants in the fynbos biome.Anonymous Pretoria:Foundation for Research
Development. 111, 1985.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : FYNBOS
Notes : South African National Programmes Report no. 111, Foundation for
Research and Development, Pretoria.
Ref ID : 2162
1327. Macdonald, I.A.W. and Richardson, D.M. Alien species in terrestrial
ecosystems of the fynbos biome. In: The ecology and management of biological
invasions in Southern Africa, edited by Macdonald, I.A.W., Kruger, F.J., and
Ferrar, A.A.Cape Town:Oxford University Press, 1986,p. 77-91.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : FYNBOS; SOUTHERN AFRICA
Ref ID : 2046
1328. Macdonald, I.A.W. and Wissel, C. Costing the initial clearance of alien
Acacia species invading fynbos vegetation. South African Journal of Plant and
Soil 6:39-45, 1989.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : FYNBOS
Ref ID : 2050
1329. Mack, R.N. Invading plants: their potential contribution to population
biology. In: Studies on plant demography: a festschrift for John L. Harper,
edited by White, J.K.London:Academic Press, 1985,p. 127-142.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : POPULATION
Ref ID : 1758
1330. Mackay, C.H. and Zietsman, H.L. Assessing and monitoring rangeland
condition in extensive pastoral regions using satellite remote sensing and GIS
techniques: an application to the Ceres Karoo region of South Africa. African
Journal of Range and Forage Science 13(3):100-112, 1996.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : MONITORING; REMOTE SENSING; METHODOLOGIES; SATELLITE IMAGERY; EASTERN
CAPE; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; VELD CONDITION; BOTANICAL SURVEY; STATISTICS;
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of satellite remote
sensing and GIS techniques in applying localised range condition assessment
methodology based on fence-line contrasts. The approach was to compute six
dissimilarity incides for data on vegetation cover and composition from paired,
site-specific surveys across farm boundaries. Fence-lines were buffered using
the ARC/INFO GIS, and a soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) was computed from
Landsat Thematic Mapper data of the area. Two dissimilarity indices were
computed for paired pixel sets of SAVI values and statistically analysed for
differences between their means. These satellite-derived dissimilarity values
were correlated with the indices from the rangeland survey data to test whether
the satellite measures could be used to identify and quantify artificial
boundary events. The results indicate that it is feasible to detect and
quantify fence-line differences in range condition with the use of satellite
imagery that is registered to other relevant geographical data.
Ref ID : 1317
1331. Mackenzie, C. Degradation of arable land resouces: policy options and
consideration within the context of rural restructuring in South
Africa.Anonymous Anonymous Johannesburg:Land and Agriculture Policy Centre. :1-
26, 1994. 1-877034-06-4.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : POLICY
Ref ID : 528
1332. Mackenzie, C. Degradation of arable land resources: policy options and
considerations within the context of rural restructuring in South Africa,
Johannesburg:Land and Agriculture Policy Centre, 1994.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; LAND REFORM; POLICY; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS;
CULTIVATION
Ref ID : 613
1333. Mackenzie, L.A. Silt in South African rivers. Professional Paper
no.16.Anonymous Anonymous Irrigation Department, Union of SA: 1949.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SEDIMENTATION; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY
Ref ID : 1316
1334. MacVicar, C.N. East London/Oos Londen 1981.Anonymous Pretoria:Department
of Agriculture. 180:96-99, 1983. To plan production at farm level efficiently,
the distribution of ecotopes, which are classes that indicate agriculturally
significant differences in the quality of land, must be shown on an adequately
scaled map of each farm. Information presently available will permit the
definition of ecotopes for 80% of arable (suitable for cultivation) SA and 50%
of the land suitable only for grazing. Ecotope mapping has yet to cover some
100 000 km2 rainfed arable land, 5 000 km2 irrigated arable land and 840 000 km2
non-arable land. Good first approximation definitions of agriculturally
desirable natural vegetation stage can be made now for the majority of ecotopes
in non-arable areas.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : MAPS; CULTIVATION
Ref ID : 2540
1335. Madikizela, S.P. and Groenewald, J.A. Marketing preferences and behaviour
of a group of smallscale irrigation vegetable farmers in the Eastern Cape.
Agrekon , 1998.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : IRRIGATION; EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Notes : The purpose of the study was to conduct a survey concerning access to
markets of a sample of small-scale irrigation farmers in the Eastern Cape, and
to investigate their perceptions regarding marketing. The study was conducted
in the Seymour district in the Eastern Cape, among 81 farmers who belong to the
Hertzog Agricultural Co-operative. Each member has one hectare of irrigated
land on which vegetables are grown. The study found that irrigation vegetable
farmers have had problems concerning market access. The survey also showed
younger farmers to be better educated, more businesslike and more eager to solve
problems than are their older counterparts. The unavailability of transport,
poor infrastructure, lack of market information and, to a lesser extent,
dishonesty of some traders, are major problems for the farmers. The authors
stressed, however, that the community involved should be regarded as
progressive, and that they can be expected to prosper once their problems have
been solved. This article can be found at the main library at the University of
Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.
Ref ID : 317
1336. Madkiri, L.W. and Manyanza, P.C. Erosion hazard mapping of the SADCC
region. Part 1: Zimbabwe. SADCC report 18.Anonymous SADCC. 18, 1989.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SOUTHERN AFRICA; ZIMBABWE; MAPS
Ref ID : 2541
1337. Mafu, V. Small-scale pig production in Eastern Cape communities. ARDRI
News , 1998.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Notes : The purpose of the study was to gather basic information about pig
production in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape, and to formulate plans for
future research. The research method consisted of a questionnaire survey with
snowball sampling. In total, 45 respondents from three settlements (Msobomvu -
15; Nqgele - 15; and Ntselamanzi - 15) were used for the study. Seventy seven
percent of respondents regarded pig production as an additional income to their
households. Respondents kept an average of three mature pigs and four piglets
at a time. The major feed component of the meal for pigs were germ meal, maize
grains and left over food. Garden refuse constituted a small portion of feed
for pigs. Respondents maintained the health of pigs with a variety of remedies
ranging from the use of epson salts, table salt, Jeyes fluid, cape aloe, old
motor oil, sulfur and potassium permanganate. The old motor oil was used to
keep the pigs clean from lice and the rest to keep their digestive systems free
from internal parasites. Pigs were sold at an average price of R59 with prices
ranging from R20 to R150. Unlike piglets, pork was sold mainly on credit. This
article can be found at ARDRI, University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no.
2339.
Ref ID : 2431
1338. Mager, A. The people get fenced: gender, rehabilitation and african
nationalism in the Ciskei and border region, 1945-1955. Journal & Southern
African Studies , 1992.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : CISKEI; LEGISLATION; GENDER ASPECTS; EASTERN CAPE MANAGEMENT; LAND
TENURE
Notes : The purpose of this study was to describe the land ownership and land
administration functions both at a de facto and de jure level in Thornhill. The
method used was case study. In the case study three areas: juridical,
regulators and physical functions of land administration were considered. The
study found out a number of problems with regard to ownership functions and land
administration functions. Allocations, transfer and sub-divisions are not being
recorded. Disputes of land rights are not resolved through the adjudication
process, and land boundaries, are not respected by the owner. There is also a
problem of local capacity to administer land effectively. The study has shown
that legislation is vague with regard to land admnistration functions. The
authors made a number of recommendations to minimise the problems related with
land administration and land ownership functions in the study area. This
article can be found in the main library at the University of Fort Hare. See
also ref. I.D. no: 2339.
Ref ID : 1941
1339. Maher, G. Phase two of the small catchment project at La Mercy.
Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists Association.Anonymous
Anonymous , 1990.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 463
1340. Makhanya, E. The use of SPOT images for mapping rural settlements and land
degradation in the less developed areas of South Africa. ITC Journal 3:276-281,
1993.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SETTLEMENT IMPACTS; LAND DEGRADATION; SATELLITE
IMAGERY; MAPS; EROSION
Abstract : The transformation towards a more democratic social order in SA is
associated with large-scale sprawling of informal settlements that are
characterized by congestion and land degradation. Spot images, processed by
cost-effective PC-based software, were used to map the extent of settlements and
soil erosion in the northeastern Transvaal. The results showed that there were
various degrees of soil erosion associated with the settlements, which
contrasted remarkably with the protected areas of the adjacent Kruger National
Park and commercial farms. From the results obtained, it is evident that an
analysis of sequential Spot images can be used to monitor the expansion of
settlements as well as the related land degradation in these and other less
developed areas.
Ref ID : 1499
1341. Malan, J.S. and Owen-Smith, G.I. Cimbebesia (2):131-178, 1974.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 1237
1342. Malan, T. and Hattingh, P.S. Consolidation (4) & Agriculture (5). In:
Black homelands in South Africa,Anonymous Pretoria:Africa institute of South
Africa, 1998,p. 24-40.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : FREE STATE; LEGISLATION; RAINFALL; CISKEI; TRANSKEI; AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Notes : Chapter 4 is devoted to Consolidation. Ever since Whites and Blacks
first made contact in SA, certain areas have been regarded as being reserved for
Black occupation. In the course of time the Cape Colony and Natal, as well as
the Republic of the Orange Free State and the South African Replublic passed
legislation to regulate Bantu land tenure and occupation. These Acts were
consolidated in the Bantu Land Act, No 27 of 1913. The Act embodied the
principle of territorial segregation of Black and non-Black. In the Schedule to
this Act specific areas were set aside and reserved exclusively for Black
ownership. The headings dealt with in this chapter are: the 1913 and 1936
legislation; the Tomlinson Commission; Black Spots (de jure); poorly situated
black areas (de facto Black Spots); Black areas and national units; purchase of
land; consolidation proposals and land units; and future developments. The next
chapter is devoted to Agriculture. Agriculture was largely constituted of
subsistence farming. Agricultural activities are responsible for the greater
part of the GDP of the homelands. From 1959/70 the proportion of subsistence
production has, however, declined from 55% to about 38%. Recently the
Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing claimed that about 23% of
SA's agricultural potential was to be found in the homelands but that less than
5% of the total output was derived from them. More than three quarters of the
homelands are situated in areas with a rainfall higher than 500 mm per annum and
have the potential to produce food for 30 to 35 million people but presently
feed less than two million. More than a century ago, the Government of the Cape
was aware of the poor farming methods of the Blacks. Most of the missionaries,
apart from their evangelical work, provided agricultural training. Later the
Cape Government established agricultural schools near Fort Cox in the Ciskei and
near Tsolo in the Transkei, where extension officers were trained to stimulate
greater agricultural production. The low productivity in the homelands,
however, continued to cause concern, with the result that in 1929 the Union
Government decided to create a Native Agricultural and Lands Division within the
Department of Native Affairs to provide agricultural services. At the same time
it was felt that agricultural reform was not the only problem, but that
insufficient land had been granted to Blacks under the Bantu Land Act, No 29 of
1913. A series of commissions investigated the position, leading eventually to
the promulgation of the Bantu Trust and Land Act, No 18 of 1936 in terms of
which 6,2 million ha of land was added to the Black areas as released areas.
Prior to the Tomlinson Commission's report, several studies in the field of
agriculture were undertaken, for example the Social and Economic Planning
Council's report on the native reserves and their role in the economy of the
Union of SA which appeared in 1946. The headings dealt with in this chapter
are: agricultural technical services until 1952; recommendations of the
Tomlinson Commission; agricultural development; agricultural production; and the
role of the corporations in the field of agriculture.
Ref ID : 719
1343. Maliehe, T.M. Agroforestry research in Southern Africa with particular
reference to the work of the Institute of Natural Resources. Paper prepared for
the Workshop on the Status of Plant Sciences in Southern Africa, Maputo,
Mozambique, 7-14 February. Occasional Paper 47.Anonymous Anonymous
Scottsville:Institute of Natural Resources. , 1990.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : AGROFORESTRY; ENERGY; COMMUNAL AREA
Ref ID : 464
1344. Mallory, S.J.L. Two-dimensional modelling of reservoir
sedimentation.University of the Witwatersrand. , 1991. Master of Science.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; MODELS; FLOODS; EROSION
Notes : Introduction, Conclusions and References only photocopied. Conclusions
and recommendations are as follows. The deposition of sediment in reservoirs
has many detrimental impacts, such as loss of reservoir storage capacity,
reduction in yield, clogging of outlets and increased flood levels. These
impacts can be reduced by predicting the spatial and temporal distribution of
sediment deposits and hence planning for the most probable scenario. A number
of methods for predicting the distribution of sediment in reservoirs exist,
ranging from simplistic empirical methods to sophisticated computer models. The
problem with the empirical methods is their inaccuracy and limited scope. The
more advanced computer models on the other hand require a high level of
expertise, costly computer hardware and large amounts of data to produce
meaningful results. The model developed in this report retains some of the
accuracy and technical sophistication of the more advanced models while
minimising the computer harware and data requirements. The model is also easy
to use and does not require an advanced knowledge of hydraulics or
sedimentology. This has been achieved by developing an algorithm for solving a
quasi-unsteady two-dimensional (in plan) flows. Unsteady flows are approximated
as a sequence of steady flow events, the durations of which are determined by
the model to ensure numerical stability, accuracy and computational efficiency.
This component of the model has been verified by modelling a six month flow
sequence through the Hartebeespoort Dam. Recorded and predicted water levels
compared well. The sediment routing module of the program uses a standard
sediment continuity equation, adapted for use with the two-dimensional flow
model. The transport, deposition and erosion of graded sediments, consisting of
up to ten different size fractions, can be modelled. Diffusion and dispersion
of the sediment is ignored and the sediment concentration profile is
approximated by the depth averaged concentration. The model accounts for
deposition and erosion rates. The deposition algorithms of the model have been
tested by comparing Borland and Miller's dimensionless sediment distribution
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