Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

Ref ID : 2265

1995. Van de Venter, H.A. Verslag werkgroep: riglyne vir chemiese beheer van

bos. Proceedings of a workshop on bush encroachment and bush thickening held in

Pretoria. Pienaar, A.J.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Agriculture and

Fisheries. :M1-M2, 1980.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 994

1996. Van den Berg, J.A. Die verwantskap tussen die langtermyn gemiddelde

reenval en die weidingskapasiteit van natuurlike veld in droe dele van Suid-

Afrika/The relationship between the long term average rainfall and the grazing

capacity of natural veld in the dry areas of South Africa. Handl.Weidingsveren

S.Afr. 18:165-167, 1983.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CARRYING CAPACITY; VELD MANAGEMENT; VELD CONDITION; CLIMATE;

RAINFALL; AID

Abstract : The relationship between the long term average rainfall and the long

term grazing capacity of the dry areas (rainfall 100 to 560 mm per year) of SA

are investigated. The grazing capacity zones as recommended by the Department

of Agriculture are used as production criteria. With the aid of rainfall

records, the average long term rainfall for the various grazing capacity zones

were calculated. The relationship between the average rainfall and average

grazing capacity is positively correlated (r = + 0,918 to r = + 0,988) and is

well described by regression equations of the second and third order. The

possible uses of the relationships are discussed.

Ref ID : 368

1997. Van den Berg, J.A., Roberts, B.R., and Vorster, L.F. Die uitwerking van

seisoensbeweiding op die infiltrasievermoe van gronde in 'n Cymbopogon-Themeda-

veld/The effect of seasonal grazing on the infiltration potential of land in a

Cymbopogon-Themeda veld. Handl.Weidingsveren S.Afr. 11:91-95, 1976.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; RAINFALL; RUNOFF; VELD CONDITION; HYDROLOGY; FLOODS

Abstract : The long term effects of grazing during fixed seasons and

combinations of the seasons, on the infiltration capacity of soils in

Cymbopogon-Themeda veld in the Central O.F.S., were investigated. Two field

experiments were grazed by Merino sheep and Afrikaner cattle respectively. Each

experiment was a 24 factorial layout with grazing and resting as treatments.

All possible combinations of spring, summer, autumn and winter served as the 16

treatments. The infiltration measurements were determed by means of a flood

type concentric ring infiltrometer. The results showed that grazing during any

one of the seasons reduced infiltration capacity of the soils. The

determimental effects of summer and autumn grazing were, however, larger than

those of winter and spring grazing. Highly significant positive correlations

between infiltration capacity and veld condition, as measured in terms of the

basal cover of climax grasses, were obtained.

Ref ID : 656

1998. Van den Berg, J.A., Roberts, B.R., and Vorster, L.F. The effect of

seasonal grazing on the infiltration capacity of soils in a Cymbopogon-Themeda

veld. Journal of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 11:91-95, 1976.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; GRAZING EFFECTS; HYDROLOGY; GRASSLAND; FREE STATE;

FLOODS; VELD CONDITION

Abstract : The long term effects of grazing during fixed seasons and

combinations of the seasons, on the infiltration capacity of soils in

Cymbopogon-Themedaveld in the Central O.F.S., were investigated. Two field

experiments were grazed by Merino sheep and Afrikaner cattle respectively. Each

experiment was a 24 factorial layout with grazing and resting as treatments.

All possible combinations of spring, summer, autumn and winter served as the 16

treatments. The infiltration measurements were determined by means of a flood

type concentric ring infiltrometer. The results showed that grazing during any

one of the seasons reduced the infiltration capacity of the soils. The

detrimental effects of summer and autumn grazing were, however, larger than

those of winter and spring grazing. Highly significant positive correlations

between infiltration capacity and veld condition, as measured in terms of the

basal cover of climax grasses, were obtained.

Ref ID : 2087

1999. Van den Berg, M.A. Black and silver wattle intrusion.Anonymous

Pietermaritzburg:Wattel Research Institute. 13/3/417/6, 1973.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : Official communication, File no. 13/3/417/6 of 13 August 1973.

Ref ID : 2088

2000. Van der Heijden, M.G.A., Klironomos, J.N., Ursic, M., Moutoglis, P.,

Streitwolf-Engel, R., Boller, T., Weimken, A., and Sanders, I.R. Mychorrhizal

fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and

productivity. Nature 396:69-72, 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : BIODIVERSITY

Ref ID : 1702

2001. Van der Heyden, F. Rehabilitation following clearing of invasive alien

vegetation in South African ecosystems: a preliminary review of best management

practices.Anonymous Pretoria:CSIR. :1-38, 1998.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ALIEN PLANTS; FYNBOS; SAVANNA; GRASSLAND; VELD MANAGEMENT;

DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; RESTORATION

Notes : The management practices to rehabilitate areas cleared of invasive alien

plants are reviewed in this document. Information was obtained through

questionnaires, interviews and workshops with experts, and from published and

unpublished literature. The document is aimed at providing project leaders of

the Working for Water Programme with provisional guidelines to initiate

rehabilitation programmes following the clearing of invading alien plants.

These provisional guidelines will be re-written in December 2000, incorporating

the findings from rehabilitation field trials which are presently underway, and

a rehabilitation manual will be produced. The guidelines in this report cover

three distinctly different ecological zones in South Africa; the fynbos biome,

the savanna and grassland regions, and the arid regions of South Africa. The

current state of knowledge for rehabilitation, and key information gaps are

discussed for each ecological zone.

Ref ID : 1389

2002. van der Horst, E.J.J. Namakwaland: verslag van die interdepartementele

komitee oor grondbewaringsprobleme op plase in besit van blankes, die staat,

mynmaatkappye en die landelike kleurling gebiete in Namakwaland.Anonymous

Departement van Landbou-tegniese Dienste. :1-29, 1970.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : NORTHERN CAPE; LAND DEGRADATION; VELD CONDITION; COMMUNAL AREA; SOIL

CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION

Notes : The aim of this report was, firstly, to investigate soil conservation

problems on farms owned by Whites and government agencies (particularly those

situated in the so-called 'corridor areas') in Namaqualand and Bushmanland. In

particular, stress was placed on problems which bore some resemblance to the

soil conservation problems experienced by ground owned by Coloured people. The

second aim was to provide a report, with recommendations, regarding possible

methods to resolve these problems, including, where relevant, the conflict over

ownership and tenure of government land.

Ref ID : 1479

2003. Van der Merwe, C.R. Vraelys insake indringing van woestyn. Landbouweekblad

31(1568):50-52, 1949.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : KAROO DESERTIFICATION; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT

Ref ID : 643

2004. Van der Merwe, I. Erosie: 'n Stedelike dilemma. Conserva 6(3):14,-22,

1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SETTLEMENT IMPACTS; EROSION; CONSERVATION; POPULATION

Notes : Three decades of research in the United States have led to the

conclusion that erosion and sediment production in developing urban areas can be

between 5 to 500 times greater than that found in rural areas. As a result, the

United States Soil Conservation Service's focus has moved rapidly from rural to

urban areas. Many states and municipalities have pro-actively already set in

place rules and regulations aimed at controlling soil conservation. It would,

however, be unreasonable to compare SA to the US. For one, the existence of vast

tracts of unproductive land necessitates priority attention. Further, SA boasts

a burgeoning population, which the land is ill equipped to feed. Nonetheless,

in the midst of an increasing rate of urbanisation, the potential impact of

urban soil erosion cannot be ignored.

Ref ID : 910

2005. Van der Merwe, N.J. and Killick, D.J. Square: an iron smelting site near

Phalaborwa. In: Iron age studies in southern Africa, edited by Van der Merwe,

N.J. and Huffman, T.N.South African Archeological Society, 1979,p. 86-93.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ARCHAEOLOGY; SETTLEMENT IMPACTS; DEFORESTATION

Notes : The iron smelting site Square PQIM (24o 03' 13" S; 30o 56' 23" E) is

located 25 km southeast of Phalaborwa on the farm Square LT 150. Square

contains seven smelting furnaces and is the single most impressive smelting site

in the Phalaborwa region, an area well known for its remains of Iron Age metal

production. Square has drawn the attention of several investigators during the

past two decades. C. More of Foskor Mining Company first visited the site in

the 1960s. N.J. van der Merwe investigated the site between 1965 and 1977 at

different times with R.A. Krause, D.H. Avery, H. Ruther and D.J. Killick. The

purpose of this paper is to report the results of a chemical examination which

involved both the technology of the smelting process and identification of the

ore source. The authors conclude that a surface collection of slags and ore

coupled with chemical analysis is sufficient for the study of metal production

during the first stages of archaeological exploration in an area. With

hindsight, the only procedure which could have been added is coring of the slag

heaps for a more accurate estimate of their volume and to check whether the

uniformity already observed in samples taken from the surface of each slag heap

would be maintained in samples taken from a stratigraphic section. The dating

of the sequence of activities at Square and the contemporary of furnaces with

the habitation on Hill A remained a problem. The authors believe that

radiocarbon measurements are not yet sufficiently sensitive for this task and

other techniques need to be considered.

Ref ID : 2311

2006. Van Der Ryst, C. A preamble on the erosion problem facing the

subdirectorate resource conservation engineering. Directorate Infrastructure,

E.C. Eastern Cape Province:Directorate Infrasture. , 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : EROSION; CONSERVATION; WATER CONSERVATION; SOIL EROSION; RAINFALL;

CULTIVATION; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; SUBSIDIES

Notes : This programme proposes a long term strategy of resource conservation

that focuses on agricultural infrastructure, soil and water conservation and the

sustainable utilization of the natural vegetation. The most important

objectives can be summarized as follows: 1. enhancing the sustainable production

of agricultural products to a level that approaches the potential of the area;

2. capacity building in the communities; 3. construction of necessary communal

assets such as resource conservation structures, fencing and stock water

schemes; and 4. co-ordination of a long term plan of development for the project

areas, to be implemented by the local communities. A holistic integrated and

participatory project approach is necessary for this strategy to be implemented

successfully, in order to combat the devastating effects of soil erosion,

pressure on resources, erratic rainfall injudicious cultivation practices and

untimely burning of veld on the production potential. The business plan further

proposes that an allocation of R1 million, per annum over a period of five years

for a district be made, after which period the capacity of the community should

be such that the normal departmental subsidies should be sufficient for further

development. It is, therefore, envisaged that the programme will require the

following amounts: 1st year - R10 million; 2nd year - R15 million; 3rd year -

R20 million; 4th year - R30 million; 5th year - R35 million. Thereafter it will

require R35 million a year, for at least the next 20 years.

Ref ID : 1391

2007. Van der Schijff, H.P. 'n Herevaluasie van die probleem van bosindringing

in Suid-Afrika. Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap 4:67-80, 1964.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT; VEGETATION CHANGE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; VELD

CONDITION; VELD MANAGEMENT

Notes : The extent and economic significance of bush encroachment in SA is

described and a list of plant species which tend to encroach on natural veld is

given. The morphological and ecological differences between shrubs and grasses

are discussed and the differences in their eoclogical adaptations and

requirements are elucidated. The necessity for differentiating between climax

scrub communities (although undesirable) and bush encroachment is stressed.

Ecologists and pasture research workers will have to decide on the eradication

of undesirable scrub and bush immaterial as to whether this represents a natural

climax or is due to bush encroachment. Various hypotheses advanced on the

underlying causes of bush encroachment are discussed. It is concluded, however,

that in this respect basic information is still lacking. Bush encroachment is

probably the result of an interaction of a number of factors. Research into

bush control and eradication in SA is summarised and evaluated. It is clear,

however, that a satisfactory economical method for the control of bush in

natural pastures, has not yet been developed. The need for fundamental research

into the cause and control of bush encroachment is stressed.

Ref ID : 1480

2008. Van der Walt, J.C. Is South Africa dehydrating? Farmers' Weekly 124:50-53,

1973.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : VEGETATION CHANGE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT

Ref ID : 2324

2009. Van der Walt, P.T. A plant ecological survey of the Noorsveld. Journal of

South African Botany 34:215-234, 1968.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : RAINFALL; EASTERN CAPE; MAPS

Abstract : The vegetation of the Noorsveld, which is considred to be unique due

to the abundance of a succulent spiny, leafless bush, Euphorbia coerulescens is

described. The area is situated in the 250 mm rainfall area of the Eastern

Cape. The soil is generally shallow and fine, and is mainly derived from

shales. Four vegetational strata are distinguised in the Noorsveld. The

vegetation was divided into the following 8 communities, according to the

abundance values of the major species, which were ranked into a descending order

based on their height and aerial cover: 1. Pappea capensis Community; 2.

Portulacaria afra Community; 3. Tall Mixed Shrub Community; 4. Aloe ferox

Community; 5. Rhigozum obovatum Community; 6. Euphorbia coerulescens Community;

7. Pentzia incana Community; and 8. Acacia karoo Community. The distribution

patterns in the Noorsveld of each of the major species, defining a community,

are given, as well as a Vegetation Map of the Noorsveld. The structure of each

community is briefly discussed. The relationships of the vegetation in the

Noorsveld are considered and special attention is paid to the effects of man and

the grazing animal on the developmental process.

Ref ID : 2266

2010. Van der Walt, P.T. and Le Riche, E.A.N. The influence of veld fire on an

Acacia eroloba community in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Koedoe

Supplement (supplement):103-106, 1984.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FIRE

Ref ID : 1481

2011. Van der Walt, W.J. Gronderosie in die Klein Karoo. Landbouweekblad

30(1546):47-48, 1949.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; NAMA KAROO; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT

Ref ID : 369

2012. Van der Westhuizen, A.J. Die invloed van bewerkingspraktyke op winderosie

op landerye/The influence of cultivation practices on wind erosion on farm-

lands.University of the Orange Free State. , 1985. Master of Science.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : WIND EROSION; CULTIVATION; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Ref ID : 496

2013. Van der Westhuizen, A. Die invloed van bewerkingspraktyke op winderosie in

landerye.University of the Orange Free State. , 1986. Master of Science.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; WIND EROSION; CULTIVATION; EROSION CONTROL; FARMING

SYSTEMS; LAND USE

Ref ID : 1171

2014. Van der Westhuysen, J.M., Wentzel, D., and Grobler, M.C. Angora goats and

mohair in South Africa, Port Elizabeth:NKB Printers, 1985.pp. 1-251.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Ref ID : 912

2015. Van der Zel, D.W. and Brink, A.J. Die geskiedenis van bosbou in Suider-

Afrika. Deel II: Plantasiebosbou/The history of forestry in southern Africa.

Part II: Forestry Plantation. South African Forestry Journal (115):17-27, 1980.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : FORESTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; FOREST; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Notes : The progress of the forest and timber industry based on exotic tree

species in Southern Africa during the past 100 years is reviewed in six time

periods. From a small beginning - a Government firewood plantation at the end

of a railway line - Southern Africa has established a forest estate of 1,2

million ha., of which private industry owns 850 000 ha. From 100% importation

of timber requirements in 1876, there has been a switch to virtual self-

sufficiency and even export. The total value of the industry in 1973 was over

R1 000 million. The livelihood of more than 120 000 people depends on SA's

exotic tree plantations and the associated primary timber processing plants.

Ref ID : 1397

2016. Van Horen, C.R. Air pollution, health and energy use by the urban and

rural poor in South Africa. Proceedings of "Clean Air Challenges in a Changing

South Africa".Anonymous Anonymous Brits, South Africa:Paper No. 44:1-7, 1993.

November, 1993 12-1911.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POLLUTION; ENERGY; DEFORESTATION; POVERTY; MONITORING

Notes : The energy use patterns of poor households in SA result in significant

social, health and environmental costs. There are three important factors which

demand that pollution monitoring and control resources be redirected to the

household energy-environment interface. Firstly, recent research has

highlighted serious levels of air pollution exposures among households using

coal and wood. Moreover, it is possible that extremely large numbers of

households are exposed to these levels of pollution. Secondly, mortality and

morbidity rates associated with respiratory illnesses are extremely high, and

energy use patterns appear to be an important contributory factor to such

illness. Acute respiratory infections are the second highest cause of infant

mortality in SA, with the mortality rate higher than that of Western European

children aged 1 to 4 years, by a factor of 7 for white children and 270 for

black children. Finally, the political transition currently underway in SA will

result in increasing pressure to improve the living conditions of the majority

of black people, who currently suffer the most seriously degraded environments.

Consequently, resources will have to be directed to the areas in which risks are

most severe.

Ref ID : 1414

2017. Van Horen, C.R. Household energy and environment.Anonymous Cape

Town:Energy for Development Research Centre. Paper No. 16:1-119, 1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENERGY; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POVERTY; COMMUNAL AREA; RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; DEFORESTATION; POLLUTION; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLICY; INSTITUTIONAL

ASPECTS

Notes : Executive summary and several pages dealing with deforestation have been

photocopied. The energy sector has numerous interfaces with the natural and

social environments, and in SA, many of these interfaces are associated with

severe environmental impacts. The focus of this paper is on the household

level, since the environmental conditions at this level have the greatest effect

on the quality of life of the largest number of people. Indeed, the extent of

environmental degradation experienced by poor urban and rural households as a

result of their energy use patterns, is of such magnitude that this should be

amongst the top priorities in the national energy-environment policy arena. The

executive summary outlines some of these problems, including: environmental

problems due to energy use by the poor; and air pollution from coal and wood

combustion, and assesses the possible environmental impacts of energy policy

interventions aimed at widening access for poor households. It ends by

suggesting a number of important issues for policy consideration.

Ref ID : 1415

2018. Van Horen, C.R., Afrane-Okese, Y., Eberhard, A.A., Trollip, H., and

Williams, A. Energy poverty in South Africa: Widening access to basic energy

services.Anonymous Cape Town:Energy for Development Research Centre. :1-188,

1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ENERGY; POVERTY; COMMUNAL AREA; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC

ASPECTS

Ref ID : 1878

2019. Van Niekerk, A., Hardy, M.B., Mappledoram, B.D., and Lesch, S.F. The

effect of stocking rate and lick supplementation on the performance of lactating

beef cows and its impact on highland sourveld. Journal of the Grasslands Society

of Southern Africa 1(2):18-21, 1984.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : STOCKING RATE; POPULATION; ENERGY

Abstract : The Highland Sourveld of Natal is an important beef producing area.

Although it covers only 13% of the total area of the province, it supports 18%

of the beef cattle population. The performance of cows and their calves stocked

at four stocking rates on Highland Sourveld was studied. Two stocking rates

were duplicated to test the benefit of an energy lick against a mineral lick.

The effect of stocking rate on the veld was monitored in terms of compositional