Eu risk assessment

Calculation of PEC_local for sector specific generic scenarios

For each production sector not fully covered -i.e. lead metal production, lead oxide production, lead stabiliser production- 2 different generic scenarios have been applied. In the first scenario the ‘average remaining tonnage’ Pb produced per site is calculated from the total remaining tonnage used in the EU and the number of remaining companies in that sector. Emissions to air and water are estimated applying maximum or 90P representative emission factors for the sector. In the second scenario a ‘reasonable worst case rest tonnage’ Pb produced per site is calculated on the basis of the average remaining tonnage per site and the variance of the known sites (assuming log normal distribution). Air and water emissions are calculated applying maximum or 90P representative emission factors for the sector.

Details on the results of the assessment for the aquatic compartment are included in Part 1 of the environmental exposure section 3.1.3.3; Table 3.1-27b.

- Lead metal production

For the air compartment the PECtotal values are 718-1625 ng/m³ (scenario 1 and 2 respectively). From the site specific exposure assessment for the metal production sector PECtotal levels between 58 and 2282 ng/m³ are derived. The PECtotal soil values in the soil compartment –as a result of aerial deposition only- are 28.6–29.0 mg/kg dw. Calculated PECtotal soil values in the site specific assessment vary between 28.3 and 31.9 mg/kg dw.

In case the waste water is treated in a municipal STP, it is assumed that sewage sludge is applied to agricultural soil (sludge concentrations: 230-528 mg/kg dw). Taking this pathway into account leads to PECtotal soil values of 32.4 and 37.8 mg/kg dw.

• 
  Lead oxide production
  

For the air compartment the PECtotal values are 452-800 ng/m³ (scenario 1 and 2 respectively). From the site specific exposure assessment for the metal production sector PECtotal levels between 29 and 302 ng/m³ are derived. The PECtotal soil values in the soil compartment –as a result of aerial deposition only- are 28.5–28.7 mg/kg dw. Calculated PECtotal soil values in the site specific assessment vary between 28.3 and 28.4 mg/kg dw.

• 
  Lead stabiliser production
  

For the air compartment the PECtotal values are 28-37 ng/m³ (scenario 1 and 2 respectively). From the site specific exposure assessment for the lead stabiliser production sector PECtotal levels between 20 and 248 ng/m³ are derived. The PECtotal soil values in the soil compartment –as a result of aerial deposition only- are 28.3 mg/kg dw. Calculated PECtotal soil values in the site specific assessment vary between 28.3 and 29.5 mg/kg dw.

In case the waste water is treated in a municipal STP, it is assumed that sewage sludge is applied to agricultural soil (sludge concentrations: 24-52 mg/kg dw). Taking this pathway into account leads to PECtotal soil values of 28.7 and 29.2 mg/kg dw.

4. Calculation of PEC_local for emission inventory threshold levels

Emission inventory tresholds for Pb reported by different European Environment Agencies (France, UK, EPER) vary beween 20 and 100 kg Pb/year for water and 10-300 kg Pb/year for air. In order to estimate the PEC values for different environmental compartments associated with these treshold emissions; a generic exposure asssessment was performed; assuming a standard environment and default values (for discharge rate; number of emission days, dilution factor,...) as defined in the TGD and applied in the generic scenarios (section 3.1.3.3).

The results of the exercise are presented in Part 1 of the environmental exposure section 3.1.3.4; Table 3.1-28b.

Daily emissions to air vary between 0.03-1.0 kg Pb/d. Local air concentrations and PECtotal air values of 8-228 ng/m³ and 28-248 ng/m³, respectively, are calculated. Local soil concentrations vary between 0.003-0.10 mg/kg dw. The PECtotal soil values in the soil compartment –as a result of aerial deposition only- are 28.3-28.4 mg/kg dw (no sludge application).

Since there is a possibility of sewage sludge being applied to agricultural land for some uses -e.g. sites using Pb stabilisers in PVC- two sludge scenarios are incorporated in the emission inventory threshold approach: one using the limit value for lead in sewage sludge of 750 mg/kg dw (worst case scenario, EU limit Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC) and the other with the average Pb content in sewage sludge of 124 mg/kg dw (real case, EU-27) (EC, 2006).

This results in the calculation of local soil concentrations of 2.1-2.2 mg/kg dw (average Pb conc.) and 12.5-12.6 mg/kg dw (limit value). The PECtotal soil values in the soil compartment –as a result of aerial deposition and sludge application are 30.4-30.5 mg/kg dw (average Pb concentration) and 40.8-40.9 mg/kg dw (limit value).

5. Calculation of PEC_local for private use: lead in ammunition

The PEClocal for all environmental compartments (soil inclusive) for this use is described in section 3.1.5.1.3.

6. Calculation of PEC_local for disposal

Table 3.1.6 49 Calculated total local PECsoil for MSW incineration plants. Regional PECsoil is 28.3 mg/kg dry wt (natural soil; modelled, TGD region).

Country	Emission amount	Number of emissions days	PEClocal soil
	kg/y	d	mg/kg dry wt.
Austria	20	330	28.3
Belgium	37.7	330	28.3
Denmark	67.4	330	28.3
Finland	66	330	28.3
France	76.4	330	28.3
Germany	14	330	28.3
Italy	11.8	330	28.3
Luxembourg	102	330	28.3
Netherlands	8.1	330	28.3
Portugal	2.5	330	28.3
Spain	137.6	330	28.3
Sweden	1.7	330	28.3
UK	7.3	330	28.3
EU average scenario	40.9	330	28.3

The local contribution via air deposition is negligible and does not result in an increase of the regional PEC 28.3 mg/kg dry wt.
Landfills

The leachate from landfills may be treated in municipal treatment plants from which sludge may be applied to land. Figures for the amounts going to agricultural land have been added to the summary tables used in the regional assessment. As such the application of sludge from landfill STPs is already taken into account in the regional exposure assessment. The applicability of landfill sludge locally will be quite often subject to the restrictions on the metal content for sludge set out by the local permitting authority and is usually based on general waste regulations.

However, applying the default local soil scenario to a landfill site that discharges its leachate to a municipal STP gives a local soil concentration of 0.75 mg/kg dw. The resulting PEClocal soil is 29.1 mg/kg dry wt. which is only slightly higher than the regional soil concentrations (28.3 mg/kg dry wt.) (See Table)
Table: Pb soil concentration as result of application of STP sludge from STP treatment from landfill leachates.

Cleachate to STP Influent conc. (mg/l)	Discharge rate (m^3/d)	Csludge (mg/kg dw)	Clocal soil (mg/kg dw)	PEClocal soil (mg/kg dw)
0.382	100	45.2	0.75	29.1

2. Measured levels

A description of the soil monitoring data available for local sites is included in sections 3.1.6.1.1-2.

3. Comparison between predicted and measured levels

Table 3.1.6 50: Summary of calculated versus measured levels in soil for Pb producing/processing sites for which measured data are available.

N°	Emission amount	PECtotallocalsoil Calculated	measured ann.avg. soil concentration	remarks	year
	kg/d	mg/kg dw	mg/kg dw
Pb metal production		PECtotalreg = 28.3 mg/kg dw
LDA-01	8.11	30.3	400-1500	Soil: 400-1500 mg/kg dw (0-30 cm depth) at a distance of 0-500 m from the fence in main wind direction	NA
LDA-03	1.70	28.5	7-120	Soil: 7-120 mg/kg dw (430-470 m from the site)	NA
LDA-27	1.11	28.4	456-699 171-296	Soil: 456-699 mg/kg dw (Western side of river: 1.5-1.3 km from plant) 171-296 mg/kg dw (eastern side of river: 1.1-1.3 km from plant)	NA
LDA-31	3.90	28.8	2000-5000	Soil: 2000-5000 mg/kg dw (1 km downwind from plant)	NA
LDA-39	0.28	28.3	>600->1000	Soil: >600->1000 ppm	NA
LDA-40	0.28	28.3	221	Soil: 221 mg/kg dw (800 m radius, 0-16 cm depth)	NA
LDA-56	0.65	28.4	300	Soil: 300 mg/kg dw (2 km downwind from site)	NA
LDA-74	3.75	29.2	NA	Soil: NA. Measurements made in the past showed no measurable difference from background.	NA
LDA-76	0.55	28.3	<300	Soil: <300 mg/kg dw; near air monitoring site, 300 m from plant, surface depth: 0-25 cm; 100 g/sample. Sieving 10 mm; breaking, acid attack, ICP.	NA
LDA-98	0.37	28.3	<150	Soil: <150 mg/kg dw (150 ppm at 200 m; 100 ppm at 500m); depth 0-25 cm; 100 g/sample; sieving 10 mm; breaking, acid attack, ICP.	NA
Ph sheet production
LDA-29	0.18	28.3	NA. Soil data available on request.	NA. Soil data available on request.
LDA-73	0.49	28.4	26.1-91 (400m) 52.2-129 (2km)	Soil: 26.1-91 mg/kg dw (10 locations, avg. varying between 2 values) 52.2-129 mg/kg dw (5 locations at 2000m, different wind directions, averages are varying).
Pb battery production
LDA-36	0.0013	29.1	11-3890	Soil: 11-3890 mg/kg dw (0.3-0.6m deep), samples taken before start operation of plant
LDA-38	0.54	28.3	30-124	Soil: 30-124 mg/kg dw (5 cm depth) (inside plant – 100 m from plant, downwind).
LDA-43	0.69	105.0	23-123923	Soil: 23-123923 mg/kg dw (measurements on site, different samples)
LDA-44	0.92	28.6	26-26000	Soil: on site-measurements: 26-26000 mg/kg dw
Pb oxide production
LDA-21	0.034	28.3	24-1330	Soil: 24 (E) – 1330 (NW) mg/kg dw (measured, 60 m from source)

Measured Pb concentrations in soil – presented in Table 3.1.6-8- are available for Pb metal producing plants LDA-01,03, 27, 31, 39, 40, 56, 74, 76, 98; lead sheet production plants 29, 73; lead battery plant LDA-36, 38, 43, 44 and lead oxide producing plant LDA-21.

• 
  Pb metal production sites 1, 3, 27, 31, 39, 40, 56, 74, 76 and 98 provide measurements at distances 200 m – 2 km from sites in soil – varying between 120-5000 mg/kg dw. The measured values are situated a factor of 4.2-177 above the modelled PECs (28.3-30.3 mg/kg dw) for the respective sites. It should be noted that soil monitoring data reflect long-term ‘historic’ pollution/emission levels while modelled PEC values are based on current emission levels emitted during a short -10 years- time scale. Care should be taken when comparing the data.
  
• 
  For Pb sheet production site LDA-73, measured Pb concentrations in soil -400 m – 2 km in the surroundings of the plant- are reported i.e. 26.1-129 mg/kg dw. These values are in agreement with to a factor of 4.5 above the modelled PECsoil of 28.4 mg/kg dw.
  
• 
  Pb battery production sites LDA-36, 38, 43 and 44 report ranges of measured Pb concentrations in soil at different distances from the site varying between 11-124 mg/kg dw (low range) and 3890-123,923 mg/kg dw (high range). The modelled PECs for the sites i.e. 28.3-105 mg/kg dw are in agreement with the low range values.
  
• 
  Measured Pb concentrations in soil of lead oxide production site LDA-21 at a distance of 60 m from the source vary between 24 mg/kg dw (E) and 1330 mg/kg dw (NW). The modelled PEC is 28.3 mg/kg dw.
  

In conclusion, it is noted that only limited measured information is (made) available.

Moreover, it is stated by the companies that submitted measured data can be influenced by other sources (incl. historic contamination).

This could explain the observation that for most sites the measured soil levels are situated above the modelled PECs. Indeed, while activities at the sites are going on for several decades, and are thus reflected in the soil monitoring data; the modelled soil value only relates to present emission levels during 10 consecutive years, added to a generic regional background value.

The measured concentrations in soil (in the range of 7 to 123,923 mg/kg dw) are for the Pb metal producers and processors in general a factor 1.5 to 1127 higher than the calculated values (range 28.3 mg/kg dw to 105 mg/kg dw). For few sites; measured values are situated below the modelled PECs. Care should be taken with the interpretation of data for these sites, since information of sampling location is often lacking.

4.